Fig. 13 Transition in the transport sector. D in c on the right denotes direct emission;

D&I denotes the sum of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gant61.html direct emission and indirect emission Buildings In the reference scenario, energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings increases by about 60 % by 2050 relative to 2005 (Fig. 14). The energy mix changes considerably over time in the reference scenario, with a marked decrease of biomass and marked increase of electricity. Biomass accounts for about 30 % of total energy use in buildings in 2005, most of which is traditional biomass use in the residential sector. Traditional biomass use declines over time in the reference scenario: by 2050, it click here accounts for only 7 % of total energy consumption. In contrast to biomass, the consumption of modern forms of energy such as LPG, city gas, and electricity increases.

The increase in electricity consumption is the most learn more conspicuous: from 2005 to 2050, the share of electricity in total energy consumption rises from 26 to 47 %. The increased energy consumption, in combination with the fuel mix change, pushes up CO2 emissions substantially in the reference scenario. If indirect emission is included, CO2 emissions in 2050 increase by 88 % relative to 2005. Fig. 14 Transition in the buildings sector. D in c on the right denotes direct emission; D&I denotes the sum of direct emission and indirect emission Energy consumption

in the s600 scenario shows no significant divergence from that in the reference scenario, but the drastic improvement in the CO2 emission factor of electricity in the s600 scenario brings about a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions (a 75 % reduction relative to 2005) when indirect emissions are included. Technologies for achieving 50 % reduction The “Energy system transitions” section described energy system changes in a scenario where the targeted 50 % reduction of GHG emissions by 2050 is achieved. This section gives a more detailed assessment of the respective contributions of technologies to the GHG reductions in 2020 and 2050. In the s600 scenario, GHG emissions must be reduced by 12 GtCO2-eq and 51 GtCO2-eq in 2020 and 2050, respectively, relative to the reference scenario. Figure 15 shows the contributions Adenosine triphosphate of various technologies to GHG reduction in 2020 and 2050. Fig. 15 Contributions of technologies to GHG emission reduction in 2020 and 2050 in the s600 scenario In 2020, the power generation sector contributes the most to GHG emission reduction, accounting for 45 % of the total reduction achieved. The renewable energies, namely, solar, wind, and biomass, play a big role, together accounting for 31 % of the total GHG emission reduction. The remaining reduction in the power sector mainly comes from fuel switching and efficiency improvement in thermal power generation.

The arbitrary luciferase activity per well from a representative of two experiments (n=10/expt) is presented. Z’ was calculated using the SD and mean of luciferase activity from cells infected with Y. enterocolitica WA at MOI 5 versus cells not treated with bacteria (MOI 0) at each time point [24]. The best Z’ value 0.65 was

obtained for the 18 h time point at MOI 5. (B) For the shRNA screen, the kinome plasmid library was transfected in 96 well format, and cells were subjected to puromycin selection to enrich for populations expressing the inhibitory sequences. Chloramphenicol (170 μg/ml) was added 1 h Mizoribine research buy post-infection selleck compound to control extracellular bacteria counts. At 5 h post-infection, 10 ng/ml TNF-α was added to the cells and NF-κB-driven luciferase activity was determined 18 h later. (C) The hit selection cut-off was determined as ≥40%

direct recovery in luciferase signal of Yersinia-infected cells (black squares) relative to non-hits (gray squares) and bacteria free samples (light gray diamonds). (D) The statistical significance of assay hit selection was Fosbretabulin chemical structure evaluated using a standard z-score. Genes in which silencing resulted in assay reads with a score ≥3 standard deviations above the assay mean score were considered to be true hits with Bacterial neuraminidase a strong effect on Yersinia-driven inhibition of NF-κB signaling (shown in black diamonds), compared to non-hits (gray diamonds). We identified 18 kinase genes, that when silenced, led to recovery of NF-κB-mediated luciferase activity in response to Y. enterocolitica infection (Table 1). The screen identified genes

that function in different cellular processes, including signal transduction (e.g., MAP kinases, CKII), cytoskeleton dynamics (e.g. c-KIT, ABL, PAK4), and regulation of ion channel activity (e.g. SGK, WNK). In addition to the kinase shRNA library, we screened a collection of 62 shRNA constructs that targeted 26 genes annotated for chaperone activity to determine whether the heat shock, protein folding, and stress response machinery is required for successful Yersinia infection. We found that silencing of HSPH1, caused recovery of NF-κB regulated gene expression in response to Y. enterocolitica infection (Table 1). Table 1 Host genes identified from shRNAmir kinome screen required for Y.

(a) Au, (b) AuAg, and (c) Ag. Optical and electrical properties of nanoparticle

deposits subjected to heating The evolution of the UV-vis absorbance spectra for the NP deposits with respect to the heating temperature and corresponding electrical resistance are illustrated in Figure 10. With a higher temperature, the intensity of the SPR (surface plasmon resonance) absorption curves was suppressed and the absorption bands were gradually blue shifted (Figure 10a,c,e). If we determine the wavelength of absorption bands (λ max) from the intersection points of the tangent lines of the curves at both sides of the absorption peak, the quantitative data shown in Figure 10b,d,f indicates that there existed a critical temperature ranging from 125°C to 175°C for the change in absorption band and electrical resistance of the NP deposits. Above this temperature Selleckchem eFT-508 range, the absorption peak value and electrical resistance were depressed significantly, resulting from the coalescence of NPs. Two SC79 supplier opposite tendencies have been observed regarding the plasmon shift caused by heating of nanoparticles.

Anto et al. [18] reported that upon heating to the percolation transition temperature, which was taken to be the mid-point of the insulator-to-metal transition, the plasmon band redshifts and broadens as a mark of the PF-6463922 manufacturer onset of particle coalescence. On the other hand, other research groups found that plasmon bands become narrower and move to the low wavelength end [20, 21, 36]. Supriya studied the thermal treatment of colloidal Au and suggested that at a lower temperature,

the Au colloids aggregate and the high polydispersity of particle size causes broadened plasmon peaks because of the coupling of the interparticle surface plasmons, while at high temperatures, the colloids coalesce and give rise to a narrowing of peak width due to Forskolin in vitro an increase in interparticle spacing or decrease in aggregation [20]. Prevo et al. [21] observed the evolution of a uniform, multilayer aggregated nanoparticle structure subject to flame heating. They suggested that a decrease in the average domain size of the metal size results in the spectral blue shift of the SPR absorbance to lower wavelengths. Rast [37] investigated the thermal decomposition of PVP/Ag nanoparticle composite film and observed a decrease in SPR absorbance and blueshifting, which was ascribed to an initial fragmentation of nanoparticle aggregates and subsequent coalescence of NPs due to diffusion. Figure 10 The evolution of the UV-vis absorbance spectra and electrical resistance. Absorption spectra of NP deposits after heating at different temperatures for 20 min, and wavelength of absorption peaks as well as corresponding electrical resistance: (a, b) Au, (c, d) AuAg3, and (e, f) Ag.

6   LSA0389 lsa0389 Hypothetical protein   -0.7 -0.7 LSA0390 lsa0390 Hypothetical protein   -0.5   LSA0409 lsa0409 Hypothetical integral membrane protein     -0.8 LSA0418 lsa0418 Hypothetical protein     -0.8 LSA0464 lsa0464 Hypothetical protein   -0.6   LSA0470 lsa0470 Hypothetical protein 0.9   0.7 LSA0512 lsa0512 Hypothetical protein   -0.6   LSA0515 lsa0515 Hypothetical integral membrane protein   -0.5   LSA0536 lsa0536 Hypothetical protein   0.7   LSA0716 lsa0716 Hypothetical protein     0.6 LSA0752 lsa0752 Hypothetical protein 0.5   0.6 LSA0757 lsa0757 Hypothetical

protein   0.8   LSA0773 lsa0773 Hypothetical protein 0.9   0.6 LSA0784 lsa0784 Hypothetical protein -2.6     LSA0786 lsa0786 Hypothetical protein -2.0     LSA0787 lsa0787 Hypothetical protein -1.7     LSA0790 lsa0790 Hypothetical protein, ATP utilizing enzyme PP-loop family -2.5     LSA0827 lsa0827 Hypothetical lipoprotein learn more precursor 0.8   U LSA0828 lsa0828 Hypothetical protein 0.7   www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html   Selleckchem Lazertinib lsa0829 lsa0829 Hypothetical integral membrane protein     0.5 LSA0874 lsa0874 Hypothetical protein 0.5  

  LSA0901 lsa0901 Hypothetical protein     0.5 LSA0913 lsa0913 Hypothetical extracellular protein precursor 0.5   0.7 LSA0919 lsa0919 Hypothetical protein     0.7 LSA0933 lsa0933 Hypothetical protein 0.6   0.6 LSA0961 lsa0961 Hypothetical protein, DegV family   -0.5   LSA0968 lsa0968 Hypothetical integral membrane protein 0.7     LSA0977 lsa0977 Hypothetical integral membrane protein 0.7   0.8 LSA0987 lsa0987 Hypotehtical protein, GidA family (C-terminal fragment) 0.5     LSA0996 lsa0996 Hypothetical protein     0.5 LSA1003 lsa1003 Hypothetical protein 2.0   1.2 LSA1005 lsa1005 Hypothetical membrane protein 0.9 0.6 0.7 LSA1008 lsa1008 GBA3 Putative extracellular chitin-binding protein precursor   0.9 1.2 LSA1027 lsa1027 Hypothetical protein     0.6 LSA1047 lsa1047 Hypothetical protein 3.5 1.2 1.3 LSA1064 lsa1064 Hypothetical protein 0.5   0.7 LSA1075 lsa1075 Hypothetical protein     0.5 LSA1078 lsa1078 Hypothetical protein     0.6 LSA1081 lsa1081 Hypothetical protein 1.0   1.0 LSA1091 lsa1091 Hypothetical protein     0.6 LSA1096 lsa1096 Hypothetical protein 0.6     LSA1124

lsa1124 Hypothetical protein   -0.7   LSA1154 lsa1154 Hypothetical protein 0.6   0.6 LSA1158 lsa1158 Hypothetical protein 1.7 1.4   LSA1189 lsa1189 Hypothetical integral membrane protein -1.6   -1.1 LSA1282 lsa1282 Hypothetical protein   -0.5   LSA1296 lsa1296 Hypothetical integral membrane protein   -1.2 -0.8 LSA1342 lsa1342 Hypothetical protein   -0.7   LSA1346 lsa1346 Hypothetical protein 0.8     LSA1350 lsa1350 Hypothetical protein   -0.6 -1.0 LSA1353 lsa1353 Hypothetical integral membrane protein -0.9 -0.5   LSA1446 lsa1446 Hypothetical protein -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 LSA1466 lsa1466 Hypothetical protein 0.6     LSA1467 lsa1467 Hypothetical protein   -0.6 -1.1 LSA1524 lsa1524 Hypothetical protein 0.7     LSA1540 lsa1540 Hypothetical extracellular protein precursor 0.

This thin fluorocarbon polymer limits the rate at which fluorine radicals

from the plasma reach the Si surface. In addition, it limits the rate of diffusion of volatile SiF y species into Si and, therefore, slows down the chemical MK0683 molecular weight etching. Concerning the etch rate in SF6/CHF3, it is lower compared with both SF6 and SF6/O2 gases. This is due to the fact that the F-atom density is barely higher in this mixture compared to the two other cases, thus retarding Si etching [23]. In Table 2, a comparison is made between the etch rate of a 100 × 100 μm2 Si area formed using a resist mask and the etch rate of Si through the PAA mask (pore diameter in the range of 35 to 45 nm). The thickness of the PAA mask was 400 nm. Several samples were considered, and the range of given values is an average of all measured values. As described

above, the etch rate is similar with SF6 and SF6/O2, while it is lower with SF6/CHF3. By increasing the PAA mask thickness from 400 to 500 nm, the etch rate in SF6/CHF3 was reduced from approximately 70 to 50 nm/min. Table 3 shows the feature etch depth on nanopatterned Si surface for the three different PAA layer HSP inhibitor review thicknesses and the three different etching times. The first GSK1904529A chemical structure PAA layer was 390-nm thick, and no Al annealing was used before PAA formation. The two other layers were 400- and 560-nm thick, respectively, and an annealing step at 500°C for 30 min was applied to the Al film before anodization. We have observed that although the annealing resulted in a better adhesion of the PAA layer on the Si surface (no detachment even after 60 s of etch time), it also created an undulation of the PAA/Si interface, which led to etching inhomogeneities on the Si surface. In Urease these two last cases, the etch depth varied from zero (non-etched areas) to the maximum value indicated in Table 3. In the case of the non-annealed sample, the etch depth was homogeneous in the whole film. The problem was that for an etching time above 40 s, the lateral etching of the Si film underneath the mask led to mask detachment. The maximum etch depth achieved in that case was around 45 nm. Table 3 Feature etch depth using SF 6

/CHF 3 PAA layer thickness (nm) Etching time (s) 20 40 60 390 (non-annealed) 32 nm 45 nm 20 nm (lower due to partially etched walls) 400 (annealed) 28 nm 45 nm 56 nm (maximum) (maximum) (maximum) 560 (annealed) 16 nm 23 nm 45 nm (maximum) (maximum) (maximum) Feature etch depth on nanopatterned Si surface through a PAA layer for three different PAA layer thicknesses and three different etching times. The first PAA layer was 390-nm thick, and no Al annealing was used before PAA formation. The two other layers were 400- and 560-nm thick, respectively, and an annealing step at 500°C for 30 min was applied to the Al film before anodization. Conclusions We investigated in detail the RIE of Si through a PAA mask for surface nanopatterning using SF6, SF6/O2, and SF6/CHF3 gases/gas mixtures.

PubMedCrossRef 29. Chan C, Burrows C646 mouse LL, Deber CM: Helix induction in antimicrobial peptides by alginate in biofilms. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:38749–38754.PubMedCrossRef 30. Pacor S, Giangaspero A, Bacac M, Sava G, Tossi A: Analysis of the cytotoxicity of synthetic antimicrobial peptides on mouse leucocytes: implications

for systemic use. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002, 50:339–348.PubMedCrossRef 31. Hoiby N: Pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis: past, present, and future. Cystic Fibrosis Trust, London, United Kingdom; 1998. 32. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP: Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999, 284:1318–1322.PubMedCrossRef 33. Hell E, Giske CG, Nelson A, Romling U, Marchini G: Human cathelicidin peptide LL37 inhibits both attachment capability and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010, 50:211–215.PubMedCrossRef 34. Batoni G, Maisetta G, Brancatisano FL, Esin S, Campa M: Use of antimicrobial URMC-099 research buy peptides against microbial biofilms: advantages and limits. Curr Med Chem 2011, 18:256–279.PubMedCrossRef 35. Bjarnsholt T, Jensen PO, Fiandaca MJ, Pedersen J, Hansen CR, Andersen CB,

Pressler T, Givskov M, Hoiby N: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009, 44:547–558.PubMedCrossRef 36. Montanaro L, Poggi A, Visai L, Ravaioli S, Campoccia D, Speziale P, Arciola CR: Extracellular DNA in biofilms. Int J Artif Organs 2011, 34:824–831.PubMedCrossRef 37. Barken KB, Pamp SJ, Yang L, Gjermansen M, Bertrand JJ, Klausen M, Givskov M, Whitchurch CB, Engel JN, Tolker-Nielsen T: Roles of type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures

in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Environ Microbiol 2008, 10:2331–2343.PubMedCrossRef 38. Hale JD, Hancock RE: Alternative mechanisms of action of cationic antimicrobial peptides on bacteria. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007, 5:951–959.PubMedCrossRef 39. buy NSC 683864 clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility texting; sixteenth informational supplement. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase  ; 2010. 40. Gherardi G, De Florio L, Lorino G, Fico L, Dicuonzo G: Macrolide resistance genotypes and phenotypes among erythromycin-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, Italy. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009, 55:62–67.PubMedCrossRef 41. Pompilio A, Pomponio S, Crocetta V, Gherardi G, Verginelli F, Fiscarelli E, Dicuonzo G, Savini V, D’Antonio D, Di Bonaventura G: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis: genome diversity, biofilm formation, and virulence. BMC Microbiol 2011, 11:159.PubMedCrossRef 42. Waddell WJ: A simple ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of protein. J Lab Clin Med 1956, 48:311–314.PubMed 43.

2 g) www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html sodium hydroxide was refluxed for 2 h. Next, 10 ml of anhydrous benzene was added and the

benzene-water Trichostatin A cost azeotrope was distilled off. The dry residue was purified by chromatography using a silica gel-filled column and chloroform-ethanol (10:1 v/v) as eluent. Quinobenzothiazines 7 were obtained as yellow oils. 12-(2-(N-piperidyl)ethyl)-12(H)-quino[3,4-b][1,4]benzothiazine

(7a) Yield 45 %; an oil; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.10-1.19 (m, 6H, Hpiperidyl), 2.05–2.18 (m, 4H, Hpiperidyl), 2.35–2.47 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H, NpiperidylCH2), 4.12–4.28 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H, CH2), 7.04–7.09 (m, 1H, Harom), 7.16–7.20 (m, 1H, H-11), 7.26–7.29 (m, 1H, Harom), 7.35–7.38 (m, 1H, Harom), 7.58–7.60 (m, 1H, Harom), 7.66–7.68 (m, 1H, Harom), 7.94–7.96 (m, 1H, Harom), 8.08–8.11 (m, 1H, H-1), 8.49 (s, 1H, H-6); EI-MS m/z: 361 (M+, 100 %); Anal. calcd. for C22H23N3S: C, 73.10; H, 6.41; N, 11.62; S, 8.87. Found: C, 73.11; H, 6.33; N, 11.56; S, 8.83. 9-Fluoro-12-(2-(N-piperidyl)ethyl)-12(H)-quino[3,4-b][1,4]benzothiazine EPZ004777 mouse (7b) Yield 56 %; an oil; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.22–1.42 (m, 6H, Hpiperidyl), 2.18–2.35 (m, 4H, Hpiperidyl), 2.48–2.67 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, NpiperidylCH2), 4.12–4.24 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 6.85–6.88 (m, 1H, H-8), 6.89–6.95 (m, 1H, H-10), 7.12–7.18 (m, 1H, H-11), 7.48–7.54 (m, 1H, H-2), 7.58–7.64 (m, 1H, H-3), 7.98–8.04 (m, 2H, H-1, H-4), 8.48 (s, 1H, H-6); EI-MS m/z: 379 (M+, 100 %); Anal. calcd. for C22H22FN3S: C, 69.63; H, 5.84; N, 11.07; S, 8.45. Found: C, 69.51; H, 5.79; N, 11.00; S, 8.41. 9-Methyl-12-(2-(N-piperidyl)ethyl)-12(H)-quino[3,4-b][1,4]benzothiazine

(7c) Yield 52 %; an oil; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.24–1.43 (m, 6H, Hpiperidyl), Amrubicin 2.20–2.34 (m, 7H, CH3, Hpiperidyl), 2.54–2.61 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, NpiperidylCH2), 4.17–4.23 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, CH2), 6.92–6.97 (d, 4J = 1.1 Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.98–7.02 (d.d, 3J = 8.2 Hz, 4J = 1.1 Hz, 1H, H-10), 7.06–7.09 (d, 3J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, H-11), 7.46–7.51 (m, 1H, H-2), 7.57–7.62 (m, 1H, H-3), 7.98–8.0 (m, 2H, H-1,H-4)), 8.48 (s, 1H, H-6); EI-MS m/z: 376 (M+, 100 %); Anal. calcd for C23H25N3S: C, 73.56; H, 6.71; N, 11.19; S, 8.54.

01, * = P < 0.05 and ns = no significant effect. The PX-478 clinical trial antibiotically-marked strains showed varied abilities to compete with their parent strains for nodule occupancy (Table 3). The mutants of UCT44b and UCT61a showed significantly reduced competitive abilities, while those of PPRICI3 retained their competitiveness relative to the parent strain. GSK3326595 Marked strain UCT40a Mkd2 also retained its competitive ability, while mutant strain UCT40a Mkd1 showed increased competitive ability compared to its unmarked parent (Table 3). The marked strains also varied in their retention of the antibiotic marker after plant passage (Table 4). Mutants of strain PPRICI3 retained their resistance marker, while

those of UCT40a and UCT44b showed a slight reduction in the number resistant to antibiotics. Two of the three UCT61a mutants (i.e. UCT61a Mkd1 and UCT61a Mkd2) lost their antibiotic markers after plant passage (Table 4). Table 3 Competitiveness of antibiotically-marked strains compared to their unmarked parents. Treatment Number of isolates tested Number able to grow on YMA + antibiotics % nodule occupancy by marked strain Competitive ability of marked strain UCT40a + UCT40aMkd1 40 30 75.0 *

I UCT40a + UCT40aMkd2 28 14 50.0 U UCT44b + UCT44bMkd1 18 4 22.2 * R UCT44b + UCT44bMkd2 38 12 31.6 * R UCT44b + UCT44bMkd3 26 10 38.5 U UCT61a + UCT61aMkd1 50 0 0.0 * R UCT61a + UCT61aMkd2 52 0 0.0 * R UCT61a + UCT61aMkd3 60 0 0.0 * R PPRICI3 + PPRICI3Mkd1 Oxymatrine 35 21 60.0 U PPRICI3 + PPRICI3Mkd2 31 19 61.2 U PPRICI3 + PPRICI3Mkd3 31 10 32.3 U * Denotes significant deviation from the expected frequency of 50% nodule occupancy using a χ2 test on pooled data, P < 0.05. Symbols indicate selleck compound I = increased, U = unchanged and R = reduced competitive ability of the marked strain compared to its unmarked parent. Table 4 Retention of the antibiotic resistance marker after plant passage. Marked Strain Number of

isolates tested Number able to grow on YMA + antibiotics % retention of antibiotic resistance UCT40aMkd 1 25 23 92 UCT40aMkd2 25 25 100 UCT44bMkd 1 20 20 100 UCT44bMkd 2 21 17 81 UCT44bMkd 3 19 16 84 UCT61aMkd 1 15 0 0 UCT61aMkd 2 14 0 0 UCT61aMkd 3 13 13 100 PPRICI3Mkd 1 19 19 100 PPRICI3Mkd 2 19 19 100 PPRICI3Mkd3 20 20 100 Indirect ELISA assays Results of the cross-reaction tests using pure antigens of PPRICI3, UCT40a, UCT44b and UCT61a (isolated from nodules of plants inoculated with these strains) are shown in Figure 2. Absorbance readings were clear and unambiguous; there were no cross-reactions, i.e. no false positive results for non-appropriate antigen × antibody combinations. In addition, non-specific adsorption using plant tissue or PBS substrate was low (≤ 0.15 OD405). There were some variations in the reactivity of the primary antibodies. For example, antibodies raised against strains UCT44b and UCT61a produced readings of ≥ 1.50 OD405, while strains PPRICI3 and UCT40a gave lower positive readings of about 1.0 OD405.

J Exp

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g., phenolic compounds, will provide more information of other ingredients in the CAJ that may have an effect on lipid metabolism. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that CAJ enhanced fat oxidation during exercise and may enhance endurance performance, but specific studies are needed to assess this possibility. Acknowledgements This study was supported by Graduate School Research Grant, Exercise and Sport Sciences Development and Research Group and Faculty of Medicine Invitation Research Grant, Khon Kaen University. Many thanks go to Srisupphaluck Orchid, Phuket for kindly supporting

the research drink. The authors thank Dr. James A. Will, Department of Pathobiology, drug discovery School of Veterinary Medicine, and Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, for his compound screening assay valuable comments and critical review of the manuscript. In addition, we wish to thank all the participants for their enthusiastic cooperation. References 1. van Loon LJ, Greenhaff PL, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ: The effects of buy MK 8931 increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans. J Physiol 2001, 536:295–304.PubMedCrossRef 2. Murakami I, Sakuragi T, Uemura H, Menda H, Shindo M, Tanaka H: Significant effect of a pre-exercise

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