An association between CYP1A1 polymorphisms and lung selleck chemicals cancer was first reported by Kawajiri and co-workers in 1990 among an Asian study population (Febs Lett 1990;263:131-133)[9], after which many studies analyzed the influence of CYP1A1 polymorphisms on lung cancer risk; no clear consensus, however, click here was reached. Moreover, 3 meta-analyses have reported conflicting results. Houlston RS [10] found no statistically significant association between

the MspI polymorphism and lung cancer risk in 2000, in a meta-analysis performed by Le Marchand L et al. [11] included only 11 studies, the exon 7 polymorphism did not correlate with lung cancer risk. Shi × [12], however, noted a greater risk of lung cancer for CYP1A1 MspI and exon 7 polymorphism carriers in a meta-analysis that included only Chinese population. A single study might not be powered sufficiently to detect a small effect of the polymorphisms on lung cancer, particularly in relatively small sample sizes. Various types of study populations and study designs might also have contributed to these disparate findings. To clarify the effect of the CYP1A1 polymorphism

on the risk for lung cancer, this website we performed an updated meta-analysis of all eligible case-control studies to date and conducted the subgroup analysis by stratification according to the ethnicity source, histological types of lung caner, gender and smoking status of case and control population. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Publication search We searched for studies in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) electronic databases to include in this meta-analysis, using the terms “”CYP1A1,”" “”Cytochrome P450 1A1,”" “”polymorphism,”" and “”lung cancer.”" An upper date limit of June, 2010 was applied; no lower date limit was used. The search was performed without any restrictions on language and was focused on studies that had been conducted in humans. We also

reviewed the Cochrane Library for relevant articles. Concurrently, Megestrol Acetate the reference lists of reviews and retrieved articles were searched manually. When the same patient population appeared in several publications, only the most recent or complete study was included in this meta-analysis. 2.2 Inclusion criteria For inclusion, the studies must have met the following criteria: they (1) evaluated CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk; (2) were case-control studies or nested-case control study; (3) supplied the number of individual genotypes for the CYP1A1 MspI and exon 7 polymorphisms in lung cancer cases and controls, respectively; and (4) demonstrated that the distribution of genotypes among controls were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 2.3 Data extraction Information was extracted carefully from all eligible publications independently by 2 authors, based on the inclusion criteria above.

agglomeranswas retrieved from their sequence database (G. Bloemberg, personal communication). Thus,P. agglomeranscorrectly characterized appears to be a more infrequent clinical organism than literature indicates. Conclusion Our study indicates that current restrictions on registration of microbial pesticides based onP. agglomeransbiocontrol strains in Europe warrant Nirogacestat mw review. The primary argument for biosafety concerns is not supported by the fact that a majority of clinical

strains are currently misclassified asP. agglomeransas determined by sequence Stattic chemical structure analysis of 16S rDNA andgyrB. Further analysis of specific genes and fAFLP patterns also distinguish beneficial from clinical strains withinP. agglomerans sensu stricto. Moreover, the lack of pathogenicity confirmatory tests with clinical strains (i.e., Koch’s postulates) and the polymicrobial nature in

clinical reports, which is probably just a reflection of the natural abundance of this species in the environment, draws into question the biosafety concerns with plant beneficial isolates. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to P. Coll (Hospital de la Santa Crei Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain), A. Bonaterra (University of Girona, Spain) and M. Tonolla (ICM Bellinzona, Switzerland) for providing Selleckchem Vactosertib some of the strains used in this study, S. Barnett for providing DNA of Australian strains, and C. Pelludat (ACW) for helpful discussion. Financial support was provided by the Swiss Federal Secretariat for Education and Research (SBF C06.0069), the Swiss Federal Office of the Environment (BAFU), and the Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture (BLW Fire Blight Y-27632 cell line Control Project). This work was conducted within the European Science Foundation funded research network COST Action 873 ‘Bacterial diseases of stone fruits and nuts’. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1:Table S1. Strains used in this study (including references). (PDF 33 KB) Additional file 2:Table

S2. BLAST hits obtained from NCBI blastn using 16S rDNA andgyrBsequences of representative strains belonging to the differentEnterobacter agglomeransbiotypes defined by Brenner et al. (PDF 19 KB) References 1. Gavini F, Mergaert J, Beji A, Mielcarek C, Izard D, Kersters K, De Ley J:Transfer of Enterobacter agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Ewing and Fife 1972 to Pantoea gen. nov. as Pantoea agglomerans comb. nov. and description of Pantoea dispersa sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol1989,39(3):337–345.CrossRef 2. Grimont PAD, Grimont F:Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part B – The Gammaproteobacteria. 2 EditionNew York: Springer 2005.,2: 3. Lindow SE, Brandl MT:Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Applied and environmental microbiology2003,69:1875–1883.CrossRefPubMed 4. Andrews JH, Harris RF:The ecology and biogeography of microorganisms on plant surfaces. Ann Rev Phytopathol2000,38:145–180.CrossRef 5.

A significant improvement in cell and blood behaviors was observed in MWCNTs containing functional groups compared with pure MWCNTs. However, few reports are found to achieve MWCNT functionalization using the ion beam bombardment or ion implantation technique. The advantages of the physical method are its simplicity, small amounts of impurities, and high content of active groups on the surface of MWCNTs. Differing from the traditional chemical grafting, the ion implantation technique was also used to introduce Selleck Nepicastat NH2 and COOH groups onto MWCNTs, and graphene which was found to result in favorable

effects on their biocompatibility in our previous works [13–16]. To differ from traditional chemical grafting and ion implantation, in this paper, lower-energy N ion beam bombardment method was used to introduce N ions to MWCNTs. Compared with ion implantation, the advantages of low-energy ion beam bombardment are its

shallow injection depth and high content of active nitrogen on the surface of MWCNTs. The interaction between cell and substrates primarily occurred on the shallow surface of modified MWCNTs. The larger number of active nitrogen on the surface of MWCNTs which interacted with cells in vitro could increase the number of sites for cell growth. Thus, the modified MWCNT surface should have better bioactivity and biocompatibility. Due to length selleck limitation, the comparison between pure and N+-bombarded MWCNTs in cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility will be

submitted VRT752271 cost to other journals. This work only focused on the relationships between cell and blood behaviors and N atomic percentages of laboratory-made MWCNTs bombarded at different N+ beam currents (5, 10, and 15 mA), which were evaluated by cell adhesion, hemolysis, and platelet adsorption. Methods Synthesis MWCNTs were prepared using CVD system and then sprayed onto SiO2 substrates with air brush pistol. The detailed process of sample preparation can be found in our previous work [17, 18]. An ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) system (FJL560C12, SKY Technology Development Co., Ltd., China) was used to prepare N+-bombarded MWCNTs. This system has two ion sources, one water-cooled sample holder and one water-cooled target holder. In this processing, the chamber Methamphetamine was evacuated to a base pressure lower than 3.0 × 10-4 Pa prior to N ion bombardment. Then, the high-purity N2 gas was introduced into low-energy ion source which could perform N ion bombardment to MWCNTs at desired ion bombarding parameters through computer controlling. N ion beams at ion beam currents of 5, 10, and 15 mA and a constant bombarding energy of 200 eV were respectively accelerated to bombard MWCNTs for 30 min to get three N atomic percentages of N+-bombarded MWCNT samples. The working gas pressure was 1.2 × 10-2 Pa.

Several strains of P. acidilactici AZD4547 price isolated from the intestine of healthy dairy cows and characterized using methods similar to those used in the present study were found to inhibit Escherichia coli. [37]. The authors reported that P. acidilactici was resistant to acid and bile salts, indicting the ability to survive and colonize in the intestine. In the present study, we found that Kp10 (P. acidilactici) was active against the pathogen L. monocytogenes. It is interesting

to note that P. acidilactici from two different agricultural sources (intestine of dairy cows and a traditional milk product) showed promising prophylactic properties. We found that the BLIS from Kp10 (P. acidilactici) was stable in a wide range of pH (2–9),

suggesting that its antimicrobial activity was not due to the pH of the cell-free supernatant. The reduced activity at high pH was probably due to denaturation of the protein. A similar Selleckchem Caspase inhibitor result was also observed for an antimicrobial compound produced by Lactococcus lactis, which was active at the pH range 2 to 10 and completely inactivated at pH 12 [38]. Since bacteriocins are proteinaceous substances, they must be sensitive to at least one proteolytic Selleckchem CT99021 enzyme [39]. Therefore, bacteriocins can be identified in part by exposure to proteolytic enzymes [40]. We found proteolytic enzyme treatment reduced the activity of the antimicrobial compound secreted by Kp10 (P. acidilactici). However, activity was not reduced by catalase, indicating that H2O2 was not responsible for microbial inhibition, or α-amylase activity, indicating that the compound was not glycosylated, which is characteristic of most bacteriocins [41]. Complete inactivation activity was observed after treatment with proteinase K and trypsin, in accordance with a report by Albano et al.[42] of pediocin PA-1 activity [43]. Treatment

with pepsin did not alter the antimicrobial activity of the BLIS in this study; however, proteolytic enzymes do not always reduce the antimicrobial activity of a bacteriocin [44]. Stability in the presence of a proteolytic enzyme could be due to unusual amino acids in the bacteriocin structure or cyclic N-terminal or C-terminal protected peptides [45]. We conclude that isolate Kp10 (P. acidilactici) is a potential probiotic that may exert beneficial CHIR 99021 positive effects on intestinal flora, because the strain is tolerant of bile salts (0.3%) and acidic conditions (pH 3). To better understand its potential as a probiotic, future studies are needed to characterize the interactions of this P. acidilactici strain to the intestinal mucosal epithelium. Methods Isolation of lactic acid bacteria Fresh curds (three varieties), dried curds (four varieties), ghara (one variety), and fermented cocoa beans were obtained from family-owned businesses in rural areas of Malaysia and Iran. Ghara is a traditional flavor enhancer that is popular in northern Iran.

Growth and storage of bacteria in LB-stabs for short periods, such as the time it takes

to mail a letter between different continents, is sufficient for the accumulation of rpoS mutations in high proportions. Mutations that inactivate or attenuate RpoS confer on the bacteria the GASP phenotype, explaining why they are so common across the species E. coli. A better alternative for the shipment of bacterial strains is the use of glycerol filter disks, in which a small volume of a bacteria culture resuspended in 15% glycerol is applied to a filter disk in a sealed plastic bag. Finally, of the many inputs that regulate rpoS, it was demonstrated that the high level of RpoS in strain MC4100TF is mainly due to an IS1 insertion in rssB. Methods Bacterial strains, plasmids and media The strains used in this study were MC4100 (F- araD139 (argF-lac)U169 rpsL150 deoC1 relA1 thiA ptsF25 flbB5301 rbsR) stored in TF and BS laboratories; KM32 (lac GDC-0994 order Δ(recC ptr recB recD)::Selleckchem Adriamycin Ptac-gam-red cat) that carries a chromosomal copy of the λ-Red recombination system [42] and DH10B (F- mcrA Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC 80dlacZΔM15 ΔlacX74 endA1 recA1 deoR (ara leu) 7697 araD39 galU galK nupG rpsL), used as recipent for plasmid transformation. Plasmid pUC4K is a pUC19 derivative that carries a KmR cassete [43]. pGEM T-easy is a

cloning vector (Promega). pWKS130 is PU-H71 a low-copy cloning vector [44]. pBS23 is a pGEM T-easy derivative that carries rssB +. pBS25 is as pBS23 except that a KmR cassete (from pUC4K) was inserted into rssB. pBS28 is a pWKS130 derivative that carries the rssAB + operon. TGP [45] plates contained 0.2% glucose, 1 mM KH2PO4 and 40 μg/ml X-P. LB plates

and stabs were as described [46]. Cells were grown overnight in either acetylcholine LB broth or in liquid T-salts supplemented with 0.2% glucose and 1 mM KH2PO4 at 37°C. Bacterial storage and sampling LB-stabs were innoculated with a single colony and immediately sealed by screwing down the tube lid. Following incubation at room temperature for different time lengths, bacteria samples were removed from the stabs either with a sterile glass rod (and subsequently streaked on a plate) or by scraping off the upper layer of the stab with a sterile metal stick. Bacteria were then transferred to a microtube filled with 1 ml 0.9% NaCl and the turbidity of the sample was measured in a spectrophotometer. Bacteria were further diluted in 0.9% NaCl (usually 106 fold) and 0.1-0.2 ml were plated onto LB or TGP plates in duplicates. Glycerol filter disks were prepared by suspending a fresh colony in 100 μl 15% glycerol, A filter disk embedded with the bacteria suspension was sealed in a plastic bag. At appropriate time intervals, the plastic bag was opened and the disk transferred to a microtube filled with 200 μl 0.9% NaCl. 20 μl of this suspension was applied to the surface of a LB plate and streaked.

Additionally, researchers reported the usefulness of circulating miRNAs in evaluating treatment-response in cancer patients. For instance, serum levels of miR-21 levels were elevated in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients, especially in those resistant to docetaxel-based chemotherapy, making miR-21 a potential predictor for the efficacy of docetaxel-based chemotherapy [90]. These findings demonstrate that circulating miRNAs may be useful in predicting patterns of sensitivity and resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Since the application of circulating miRNAs to the field of cancer diagnostic is still new, certain points remain to be explored and normalized. One important

issue that needs to be addressed is the suitability of different sample types this website for miRNA detection. While Mitchell et al. found no significant differences when comparing serum and plasma levels of miRNAs [30, 91], this result was limited to only four miRNAs and might not reflect the global situation. Recently, researchers found that serum samples yielded lower miRNA concentrations [92]. www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html Further study indicated 20s Proteasome activity that the higher concentrations of miRNAs in plasma compared with serum were mainly due to the presence of cellular contaminants, and in particular, platelets. To minimize the variation introduced by variable levels of

platelet contamination, serum samples should be more suitable. Meanwhile, centrifugation protocols used to separate serum or plasma require normalization before results can be compared [93]. Another crucial

issue is the use of appropriate normalization controls. So far, several normalization strategies have been used for the analysis of circulating miRNAs. There is however no consensus. Some genes such as RNU6B, 18S rRNA or 5S rRNA have been used to normalize data [94, 95], but other researchers considered them highly variable or sensitive to degradation [96]. miR-16 has been used in many studies as an internal normalization control [97, 98], but was later found to be susceptible to hemolysis and was related to some diseases that would make it unstable in circulation [80, 93, 99]. Synthetic C. elegans miRNAs, such as Cel-miR-39 and Cel-miR-54 have been used as spike-in controls during RNA isolation not [100, 101]. However, they were later found to be degraded by RNase in the circulation. For the above reasons, some researchers chose to perform normalization without the use of a reference gene. For instance, Hu et al. [87] used a healthy donor sample, which was processed together with the test samples, to control for technical variability. Since the coefficient of variation (CV) of Ct values for the control sample between different plates for different miRNAs was small, test reactions were comparable between different plates. In addition, both the volume of serum and eluent extracted for qRT-PCR were consistent throughout the study.

“
“Background The advantageous physicochemical properties of many of the different carbon microstructures have attracted a wide range of research interests and a large variety of carbon allotropes ranging from graphene sheets to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), diamond-like coatings, and glassy carbon have been investigated intensively [1–4].

Glassy carbon is one of the carbon allotropes of particular interest in selleck screening library this study; it exhibits a wide electrochemical stability window, excellent biocompatibility, superior thermal and chemical stability, low gas permeability, and high thermal conductivity [5]. The low reactivity and gas impermeability of glassy carbon has been Selleck GF120918 explained by a fullerene-related model that holds that glassy carbon contains primarily non-graphitizing sp

2-bonded carbons [6]. Glassy carbon has been explored for applications in solar cell systems [7], Li-ion batteries [8], optical memory devices [9], and electrochemical sensing platforms [10]. To enable these listed applications, several research groups are working towards low-cost carbon fabrication processes. Interesting three-dimensional (3D) glassy carbon shapes can often be obtained simply by patterning certain polymer precursors into the desired geometry and heating it at high temperature in an inert atmosphere or in vacuum, i.e., by pyrolysis or carbonization [11]. Based on this general fabrication scheme, various types of polymer patterning processes and pyrolysis process variations are combined to extend the applications of glassy carbon devices. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) [12–14] and photosensitive polymers [5, 10, 15, 16] are widely used as polymeric precursors find more for glassy carbon. Chloroambucil Glassy carbon nanowires were fabricated, for example, by the pyrolysis of poly furfuryl alcohol nanowires polymerized in the pores of a nanoporous alumina template and subsequent template removal [13]. These

nanowires exhibited semiconductor-type electrical properties as also found in semiconducting amorphous materials [17]. However, with a technique like this, it is difficult to position carbon nanowires at desired locations of pre-existing structures for the completion of micro/nanodevices or for realizing reliable ohmic contacts with the nanowire at desired points along the nanowires. A more versatile fabrication method called carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) was developed; it is capable of generating monolithic 3D carbon micro/nanostructures, inclusive of ohmic contacts, by pyrolyzing photosensitive micro/nanopolymer structures pre-patterned using any type of lithography including UV lithography and e-beam lithography [8, 16]. Especially when UV lithography is used to pattern the polymer structures, C-MEMS constitutes a simple and relatively low-cost fabrication method [5, 10, 15]. During pyrolysis, the polymer precursor experiences dramatic volume shrinkage and that shrinkage is isometric and predictable.

Wallace, PhD, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC Adequate calcium and vitamin D intakes are critical during all stages of the lifecycle. These nutrients are particularly significant for bone accretion during adolescence and in preventing bone loss (i.e., osteoporosis) among subpopulations such as elderly men and post-menopausal women. This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and

dietary supplements in specific PF-6463922 clinical trial subpopulations of Americans, and compare those usual intakes to the established dietary reference intakes for U.S. residents aged ≥4 years using NHANES 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, and 2007–2008 datasets. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D by source. Calcium and vitamin D disparities may be influenced by a number of different Selleck BIBW2992 demographic and/or socioeconomic factors. Our study showed for the first time that calcium and vitamin D intakes from food and dietary supplements combined were closely related

to an individual’s gender, race, household income, weight classification, and age, particularly adulthood. Calcium and vitamin D intakes from food and dietary supplements were not related to an individual’s vegetarian status. Excessive intakes of calcium and vitamin D above the tolerable upper intake level value were low among all studied populations and “overnutrification” did not seem to be widely present across these analyses. Age- and gender-specific Selleckchem CFTRinh-172 supplementation and modest fortification of foods with calcium and vitamin D may be warranted for targeting certain subpopulations, particularly older adults, post-menopausal women, minorities,

and those who are low income and/or obese. P30 PATIENTS’ RESPONSE TOWARD AN AUTOMATED OSTEOPOROSIS INTERVENTION PROGRAM Matthew A. Varacallo, BA, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA; Ed J. Fox, MD, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is overshadowed in an era of chronic illnesses and a care gap exists between physicians and patients. through Methods for improving the care gap via various intervention programs have yielded modest success, but most systems lack automation. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of implementing an automated system for identifying and enhancing follow-up care for patients at high risk for osteoporosis. METHODS: Penn State Hershey Medical Center fracture patients 50 years of age and older were tagged with a diagnostic ICD-9 code upon the ER visit, identifying fractures at osteoporosis risk. Hospital encounter screening identified these codes and subjects were pre-screened to exclude cases involving trauma/MVA, repeats in the database, and individuals already being treated for osteoporosis. 103 subjects comprised the final intervention group.

Acknowledgements We thank Moshe Mevarech for the plasmid pWL-CBD and Valery Tarasov for the plasmid pVT. We thank Stefan Streif for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful comments, and Friedhelm Pfeiffer for help with implementing the database infrastructure into HaloLex. This work was supported by European Union FP6 INTERACTION PROTEOME (Grant No. LSHG-CT-2003-505520). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Expression of the CBD-tagged bait protein and the untagged control. A, B Schematic representation of the bait-CBD DNA-PK inhibitor expression

vector pMS4 and the corresponding bait-control pMS6. Both plasmids contain a pUC origin (not indicated) and an ampicillin resistance (AmpR) for amplification in E. coli. The novobiocin resistance (NovR) and β-galactosidase (bgaH) are for selection of transformants in Hbt. salinarum. Bait genes are cloned between the attR1 and attR2 sites via Gateway recombination (Invitrogen). Between the bait protein and the CBDs (pMS4) or the

His-Tags (pMS6) is a short linker sequence (IGAVEER, the linker of the two β-sheets in Hbt. salinarum dodecin). Downstream of the fusion protein is a transcriptional terminator from the Hbt. salinarum bop gene (not shown). C, D The plasmids do not contain a haloarchaeal origin of replication. After transformation into Hbt. salinarum, they are integrated into the genome at the site of the bait protein by homologous recombination. C Integration of JQ-EZ-05 mw pMS4 constructs (red) into the genome (blue) leads to the expression of the bait C-terminally fused to CBD under control of the bait’s endogenous promoter and the expression of an N-terminal bait-CBD fusion under control of the promoter PrR16 (a highly active, modified ferredoxin promoter [118, 119]). D Integration of pMS6 oxyclozanide constructs results in similar promoter-bait constructs Combretastatin A4 mouse without CBD. (PDF 43 KB) Additional file 2: Details

on result evaluation of the bait fishing experiments. (PDF 87 KB) Additional file 3: Protein identifications in bait fishing experiments. (XLS 1 MB) Additional file 4: Identification of the core signaling proteins in all bait fishing experiments. The numbers show the sequence coverage of the protein identification. Numbers in bold type indicate that this protein was identified as an interaction partner by the SILAC ratio. Numbers in italics indicate that this prey was identified with relatively high sequence coverage in a one-step bait fishing experiment but the SILAC ratio was close to one and that this prey was identified as an interaction partner in two-step bait fishing. Together, this indicates a dynamic interaction between bait and prey. (PDF 41 KB) Additional file 5: Bait fishing experiments for the Che interaction network. The upper part of the table shows the initial experiments with the 10 Hbt. salinarum Che proteins known before the start of this study. The lower part lists experiments with baits which were identified as interaction partners in the initial experiments.

These findings demonstrate that the S. aureus dispersal mechanism from consolidated biofilm requires extracellular protease activity. Recently, the existence of a new pathway has been demonstrated, controlling protein-mediated biofilm formation in which different global regulators modulate biofilm formation by controlling the expression of S. aureus extracellular proteases [43]. Therefore, in analogy to what is described for S. aureus, we hypothesise that

the negative learn more impact of extracellular proteases on biofilm formation is multifactorial, potentially promoting detachment and release from a mature biofilm, via degradation of C. parapsilosis adhesins and/or extracellular matrix components. MK-1775 research buy Conclusions Overall, these results confirm previous evidence that Candida parapsilosis is characterised by a limited DNA sequence variability, even when considering isolates collected from distant geographical regions. QNZ datasheet The fact that phenotypic properties were found to significantly differ in strains isolated from various geographical regions suggests that other mechanisms such as epigenetic

modifications may be used by this yeast to adapt to environmental changes. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the research grant no. 2005068754 from the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca and by Merck & Co. Inc. We are grateful to Prof Giulia Morace, Dr Arlo Upton and Dr Marisa Biasoli who provided us with isolates. We also thank Dr Colin G. Egan for revising the manuscript for English language. References 1. Lockhart SR, Messer

SA, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ: Geographic distribution and antifungal susceptibility of the newly described species Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis in comparison to the closely related species Candida parapsilosis . J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:2659–2664.PubMedCrossRef 2. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Ng KP, Colombo A, Finquelievich J, Barnes R, Wadula J, Global Anifungal surveillance Group: Geographic and temporal trends in isolation and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis : a global assessment from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program, 2001 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:842–849.PubMedCrossRef 3. Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Cuenca-Estrella M, Almela M, Sanchez F, Ayats J, Alonso-Tarres C, Rodriguez-Tudela enough L, Pahissa A: Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections: case-control population-based surveillance study of patients in Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1681–1685.PubMedCrossRef 4. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ: Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007, 20:133–163.PubMedCrossRef 5. Colombo AL, Guimaraes T, Silva LR, de Almeida Monfardini LP, Cunha AK, Rady P, Alves T, Rosas RC: Prospective observational study of candidemia in Sao Paulo, Brazil: incidence rate, epidemiology, and predictors of mortality.