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EH, Rialon KL, Boul PJ, Noon WH, Kittrell C, Ma J, Hauge RH, Weisman RB, Smalley RE: Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 2002, 297:593–596.CrossRef 19. Kauffman DR, Star A: Carbon selleck chemicals llc nanotube gas and vapor sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed 2008, 48:6550–6570.CrossRef Megestrol Acetate 20. Wanna Y, Srisukhumbowornchai N, Tuantranont A, Wisitsoraat A, Thavarungkul N, Singjai P: The effect of carbon nanotube dispersion on CO gas sensing characteristics of polyaniline gas sensor.

J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2006, 6:3893–3896.CrossRef 21. Esumi K, Ishigami M, Nakajima A, Sawada K, Honda H: Chemical treatment of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 1996, 34:279–281.CrossRef 22. Hamon MA, Chen J, Hu H, Chen Y, Itkis ME, Rao AM, Eklund PC, Haddon RC: Dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 1999, 11:834–840.CrossRef Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions The work presented here was carried out in collaboration among all authors. KYD, HHC, and BKJ defined the research theme. KYD, JC, and YDL designed the methods and experiments, carried out the laboratory experiments, analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and wrote the paper. BHK and YYY worked on the associated data collection and their interpretation, and wrote the paper. KYD, HHC and BKJ designed the experiments, discussed the analyses, and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their relatively low cost and potentials to construct high-efficiency energy conversion systems [1].

Figure 1 also shows that the coated mesh has the rough surface. Such hierarchical micro/nanostructure ZnO nanorods array can trap enough air in between substrate surface and water droplet. Therefore, the coated mesh is expected Roscovitine cell line to show superhydrophobicity. The wettability of the as-grown sample was evaluated via the water contact angle (WCA). Figure 3a presents that the WCA on the as-grown sample is about 157 ± 1°, which indicates that the coated mesh is superhydrophobic. Figure 3 The shape of

water and oil droplet on the as-prepared mesh film. (a) Water contact angle about 157 ± 1°, (b) oil contact angle about 0°, and (c) permeating behavior of oil on the mesh film. GS-9973 manufacturer According to the Wenzel equation [20], the oleophilicity of the oleophilic materials can be enhanced via increasing the roughness of the sample surface. The coated mesh is expected to show superoleophilicity because of the hierarchical micro/nanostructure ZnO nanorods array on the oleophilic stainless steel mesh. Figure 3b shows that the oil contact angle (OCA) on the as-grown film is about 0°, and

the oil droplet will penetrate freely through the coated mesh (Figure 3c). In order to confirm the feasibility of the coated mesh in practice, as shown in Figure 4, the mixtures of diesel oil and water (volume ratio 3:7) were slowly poured into the test tube; the oil permeated freely through the coated mesh and flowed into the beaker, while the water was repelled on the filter. Figure 4 Concrete experimental process of separation oil and water. (a) Before separation. (b) After separation. selleck screening library It has been reported that the pore sizes of the original stainless steel mesh are critically important to the wettability of the coated mesh [10]. Figure 5 shows the dependence of WCAs and the OCAs on the pore sizes of the original stainless steel mesh. The WCAs cAMP on the coated mesh increase with the increase of the pore sizes and have maximum value when the pore size is about 75 μm. Then, the

WCAs became smaller when the pore sizes increase further. The OCAs are always kept at 0° and do not change with the change of the pore sizes. It is generally considered that the larger the WCAs and OCAs distinction, the easier the filtration of water and oil. It can be shown that 75 μm is the optimum pore size for the filtration of water/oil mixtures. Figure 5 Relationship between the pore size of the original stainless steel mesh and the contact angles. Of water and oil on the corresponding coating film. The separation efficiency of the as-grown sample was studied by oil rejection coefficient (R %) [21]. (1) where C 0 is the oil concentration before filtration and C p is the oil concentration after filtration. Hexane, diesel oil, petroleum ether, and gasoline water/oil mixtures were used in the process of experiment. The specific separation efficiency is shown in Figure 6.

The resultant

nanomesh sectional geometries varied from vertically erected nanobelts or nanowires depending on the size of the photomask patterns and the UV dose in the second photolithography process as shown in Figure 3e,f. The suspended carbon nanomeshes are designed to align obliquely to the bulk carbon post edges so that each junction, where four short carbon nanowires intersect, is supported evenly by the four nanowires. This robust mesh design avoids stiction between neighboring wires due to surface tension during development and breakage of the mesh structures during SHP099 molecular weight pyrolysis, and as a result, the nanowires can be spaced with a small gap. Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy images of various types of suspended carbon nanomeshes. (a) A football-shape, (b,c) diamond shapes, (d) a hexagonal shape, (e) a vertically erected nanobelt type, (f) a nanowire type. The

CDK inhibitor microstructure of the pyrolyzed carbon structures Tucidinostat ic50 was analyzed using HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. Figure 4a shows a HRTEM image at the edge of an approximately 190-nm-diameter carbon nanowire. Because the diameter of the suspended carbon nanowire is too large for electrons to be transmitted across the nanowire center, only the edge of a carbon nanowire as-made could be clearly observed in TEM (Figure 4a). The nature of the carbon nanowire is predominantly disordered but shows some short-range ordered nanostructures. The nature of the microstructure of the nanowire was also confirmed by a TEM diffraction pattern, as shown in Figure 4b. The ring shape diffraction pattern indicates a short-range crystalline order, and the foggy pattern

surrounded by the ring pattern is indicative of defects in the graphitic phase [23]. This short-range crystalline nature of the pyrolyzed carbon was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Due to the limited spatial resolution of the Raman spectroscopy, the carbon post instead of the suspended carbon nanowire was tested as shown in Figure 4c. The G-band at 1,590 cm−1 is representative of sp 2 hybridized graphitic material and the D-band Tangeritin shown at 1,350 cm−1 stems from disordered carbon [24, 25]. The overlapping shape of the D-band and the G-band and the relative intensity of the two bands are consistent with TEM results indicating that the pyrolyzed carbon is a mixture of ordered and disordered carbons. Figure 4 TEM image (a) and corresponding diffraction patterns (b) of a carbon nanowire and Raman spectrum from a carbon post (c). The TEM image was obtained at the edge of an approximately 190-nm-size bare carbon nanowire. The oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio is often used to characterize the composition of carbonized materials. In Figure 5a,b, we show high-resolution XPS spectra in the C1s and O1s regions, respectively, of a pyrolyzed bulk carbon structure and a SU-8 precursor structure. The C1s spectrum of the SU-8 structure consists of peaks at 283.7 and 285.9 eV. The peak at 285.9 eV corresponds to carbon bound to oxygen and the peak at 283.

Used delicate combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques allowed investigation of find more Sm3+ fluorescence in the vicinity of separate GSK690693 manufacturer gilded nanoparticles and detection of up to 10 times higher local intensity of emitted light. Methods Silica core nanoparticles were prepared

by Stöber method [10] and functionalized by amino groups providing good covering of the silica core by the gold seeds. Then, joining of the gold seeds and formation of a continuous gold shell around the silica core were realized [9]. Gilded nanoparticles dispersed in water were obtained. Plasmonic light extinction by this dispersion was confirmed by using Jasco V-570 spectrophotometer (Easton, MD, USA). The gilded nanoparticles were redispersed (approximately 0.6 wt.%) in butanol and added into the titanium butoxide precursor containing 2 mol% of samarium salt. This mixture was spin-coated on the glass substrates and annealed at 500°C. Thus, TiO2:Sm3+ films doped with gilded nanoparticles were obtained. Optical imaging and microluminescence measurements

were carried out on a home-assembled setup based on Olympus BX41M microscope Tozasertib purchase (Olympus Corporation, Shinjuku-ku, Japan) combined with Andor iXon electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera (Springvale Business Park, Belfast, UK ) for highly sensitive optical imaging and fiber-coupled Andor SR303i spectrometer with Andor Newton camera for spectral measurements. Colored image

of light scattering from bigger sample area was made by digital photocamera attached to an ocular of the microscope because the EMCCD camera used for fluorescence imaging has only black and white mode. Both dark field and fluorescence measurements were carried out by using a side illumination. In the case of dark field imaging, the beam of a bright white light-emitting diode (LED) was used so that the field of view remains dark if no scattering entities were present in the sample. The fluorescence was excited with a 355 nm diode-pumped solid-state Demeclocycline (DPSS) laser while the signal was observed though a long-pass filter. In the latter case, the small aperture of the single-mode fiber allowed highly confocal spectral measurements in spite of the wide-field illumination. Alternatively, spectral measurements with point excitation were possible by using 532 nm DPSS laser focused onto the sample through the microscope objective. Fluorescent lifetimes were measured by multichannel analyzer P7882 (FAST ComTec, München, Germany) connected to the photomultiplier. Also, we have determined fluorescence lifetimes in the time-gating luminescence mode (TGL) using an imaging attachment (LIFA-X, Lambert Instruments, Roden, The Netherlands) consisting of a signal generator, multi-LED excitation source with a 3-W LED (532 nm) and an intensified charge coupled device (CCD) Li2CAM-X with GEN-III GaAs photocathode.

Glucose is transported and phosphorylated by the phosphoenolpyruvate

(PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) encoded by the ptsHI operon, and by one or more additional non-PTS permeases [18]. A unique L. sakei rbsUDKR (LSA0200-0203) gene cluster responsible for ribose catabolism has been described, which encodes a ribose transporter (RbsU), a D-ribose pyranase (RbsD), a ribokinase (RbsK) and the ribose PS-341 in vitro operon transcriptional regulator (RbsR) [16, 17, 21]. RbsR was shown to function as a local repressor on rbsUDK, and as a ptsI mutant increased transport and phosphorylation of ribose, the PTS was suggested to negatively control ribose utilization [16, 17, 21, 22]. Moreover, regulation by carbon catabolite repression (CCR) mediated by catabolite control protein A (CcpA) has been suggested, as a putative catabolite responsive element (cre) site, the binding site of CcpA, was found preceding rbsD [23–25]. It has been proposed that the species can be divided into two subspecies described as L. sakei subsp. sakei and L. sakei subsp. carnosus based on results from numerical analyses of total cell soluble protein content and randomly

amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns [26–28]. L. sakei species display a large genomic diversity with more than 25% variation in genome size between isolates [29]. In a previous study, we investigated the diversity of ten L. sakei strains by phenotypic and TCL genotypic methods, and could report a wide phenotypic heterogeneity and the presence of two genetic groups which coincide with the subspecies [30]. The growth rates of the strains on glucose Elafibranor and ribose varied, indicating different abilities to metabolize the two sugars. Acidification properties in a meat model also showed differences between the strains, possibly reflecting that some are more suited as starter or protective cultures than others [30]. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to compare the same ten strains, which are isolates from meat and fermented meat

products, saké, and fermented fish [30]. We investigated their metabolic routes when growing in a defined medium [31] supplemented with glucose and ribose. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) allowed identification of proteins, the expression of which varied depending on the carbon source used for growth. Previous studies used 2-DE to obtain an overview of PF-04929113 in vitro global changes in the L. sakei proteome as function of uracil deprivation [32], anaerobiosis [33], adaption to cold temperatures and addition of NaCl [34], and high hydrostatic pressure [35]. However, studies on the global protein expression patterns during growth of this bacterium on various carbohydrates have not been reported, and importantly, studies to detect specific differences between strains of L. sakei are needed.

[18]: MφP9

(CD14), SJ25C1 (CD19), MAR4 (CD29), 8G12 (CD34), 515 (CD44), 2D1 (CD45), IA10 (CD55), p282 (CD59), AD2 (CD73), 5E10 (CD90), SN6 (CD105), 104D2 (CD117), and L243 (HLA-DR). All of these monoclonal antibodies were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA), except for SN6 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Cells were resuspended in a total number of 2 × 105 in 50 μl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 4% FBS, then incubated with 20 μl of monoclonal antibodies, except for 5E10 (2 μl) and SN6 (5 μl), for 45 min at 4°C, and the conjugated cells fixed with 1 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde solution (Wako, Osaka, Japan). Flow cytometric analysis was performed with Cell Quest software and the FACSCalibur device (BD Biosciences) to examine 20,000 events. In vitro differentiation toward AZD7762 manufacturer adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes To induce adipogenesis and osteogenesis, 1 × 103 cells were cultured in 500 μl of medium in a four-well chamber slide. Three days after propagation, the culture medium was replaced with 500 μl of StemPro adipogenesis or osteogenesis differentiation medium (Gibco) containing 5 μg/ml of gentamicin. Chondrogenesis was induced with a micromass culture system [19, 20], in which 5 × 102 of the cells were resuspended in 10 μl of culture medium and applied to

the center of a culture well. A Selleck Bioactive Compound Library 96-well find more culture plate was used in our study. Two hours after propagation, 100 μl of StemPro chondrogenesis differentiation medium containing 5 μg/ml of gentamicin was added. The differentiation medium was replaced twice a week. Mixed lymphocyte culture assay PBMCs were separated from the heparinized peripheral blood of a healthy donor by means of Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden). CD3+ T-cells were purified from PBMCs by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) positive selection (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) and

1 × 106 of these cells were cultured for 48 h in a 96-well culture plate in the presence of 12.5 μg/ml of phytohemagglutinin (Wako) with or without irradiated (25 Gy) HPB-AML-I and UCBTERT-21 (0, 1 × 103, 1 × 104, and 1 × 105 cells/well) cells. From each culture well, 100 μl of cell suspension was pulsed with 10 μl of Cell Counting Kit-8 solution (Dojindo, Methamphetamine Tokyo, Japan) at 37°C for 4 h. The optical density at 450 nm was measured to determine cell viability in each of the culture wells. Results HPB-AML-I shows plastic adherence, negative myeloperoxidase expression, and complex chromosomal abnormalities Inverted microscopic examination (Figure 1A) and May Grünwald-Giemsa staining (Figure 1B) of HPB-AML-I cells revealed that this cell line is composed of round-polygonal and spindle-like cells. Unlike the round-polygonal cells, HPB-AML-I cells with the spindle-like morphology attached to plastic surfaces.

J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012,

31:1.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 39. Kumar BN, Rajput S, Dey KK, Parekh A, Das S, Mazumdar A, Mandal M: Celecoxib alleviates tamoxifen-instigated angiogenic effects by ROS-dependent VEGF/VEGFR2 autocrine signaling. BMC Cancer 2013, 13:273.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 40. Kutikov A, Makhov P, Golovine K, Canter DJ, Sirohi M, Street R, Simhan J, Uzzo RG, Kolenko VM: Interleukin-6: a potential biomarker of resistance to multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urology 2011,78(968):e7-e11.PubMed 41. Yamada S, Kato S, Matsuhisa T, Makonkawkeyoon L, Yoshida M, Chakrabandhu T, Lertprasertsuk N, Suttharat P, Chakrabandhu B, Nishiumi S, et al.: Predominant mucosal IL-8 mRNA expression in non-cagA Thais is risk for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013, 19:2941–2949.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Selleck AR-13324 42. Cole SW, Sood AK: Molecular pathways: beta-adrenergic

signaling in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:1201–1206.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef check details 43. Blanchard RJ, McKittrick CR, Blanchard DC: Animal models of social stress: effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems. Physiol Behav 2001, 73:261–271.PubMedCrossRef 44. Calvo N, Cecchi M, Kabbaj M, Watson SJ, Akil H: Differential effects of social defeat in rats with high and low locomotor response to novelty. Neuroscience 2011, 183:81–89.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 45. Delgado-Morales R, del Rio E, Gomez-Roman A, Bisagno V, Nadal R, de Felipe C, Armario A: Adrenocortical and

behavioural response to chronic restraint stress in neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Physiol Behav 2012, 105:669–675.PubMedCrossRef 46. Hermes GL, Delgado B, Tretiakova M, Cavigelli SA, Krausz T, Conzen SD, McClintock MK: Social isolation dysregulates endocrine and behavioral stress while increasing malignant burden of spontaneous mammary tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:22393–22398.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 47. Li S, Wang C, Wang W, Dong H, Hou P, Tang Y: Chronic mild stress impairs cognition in mice: from brain homeostasis to behavior. Life Sci 2008, 82:934–942.PubMedCrossRef 48. Micera E, Moramarco AM, Zarrilli A: Reduction of the olfactory cognitive ability in horses during preslaughter: stress-related hormones evaluation. Meat Sci 2012, 90:272–275.PubMed Florfenicol 49. Rainer Q, Nguyen HT, Quesseveur G, Gardier AM, David DJ, Guiard BP: Functional status of somatodendritic serotonin 1A autoreceptor after long-term Kinase Inhibitor Library supplier treatment with fluoxetine in a mouse model of anxiety/depression based on repeated corticosterone administration. Mol Pharmacol 2012, 81:106–112.PubMedCrossRef 50. Majeti BK, Lee JH, Simmons BH, Shojaei F: VEGF is an important mediator of tumor angiogenesis in malignant lesions in a genetically engineered mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013, 13:213.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 51.

While the research team used the lowest T-score from the spine, total hip, or femoral neck to assess fracture risk, 2011 recommendations are to use the T-score from the femoral neck alone. Accuracy in assessment of surveyed reports relative to the 2008 standard may therefore be slightly

different than accuracy HDAC inhibitor relative to the current standard. Moreover, the research team assumed that risk assessments should be present on both baseline and follow-up reports, even though some Vactosertib mouse ambiguity existed in 2008 as to whether risk assessments were appropriate for treated individuals. We note that most reports (87.5 %) included a risk assessment, although the proportion of follow-up reports (81.0 %) with an assessment is somewhat lower than the proportion of baselines with an assessment (92.6 %) potentially due, at least in part, to this ambiguity. Summary The current study highlights

a quality gap in Ontario’s BMD reports produced in non-urban centers of Ontario in 2008, in which major clinical risk factors (i.e., history of recent fracture) are check details not reflected in fracture risk assessments. This has implications in terms of risk categorization and subsequent follow-up care and treatment recommendations particularly for fracture patients who are at moderate or high risk for future fractures. The findings of the present study suggest that inaccuracies in BMD reporting may result in under-treatment of patients at high risk for future fracture. Conflicts of interest None. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction Liothyronine Sodium in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. Cranney A, Jamal SA, Tsang JF, Josse RG, Leslie WD (2007) Low bone mineral density and fracture

burden in postmenopausal women. CMAJ 177:575–80PubMedCrossRef 2. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, de Laet C, Dawson A (2001) The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int 12:417–427PubMedCrossRef 3. Langsetmo L, Goltzman D, Kovacs CS, Adachi JD, Hanley DA, Kreiger N, Josse R, Papaioannou A, Olszynski WP, Jamal SA, CaMos Research Group (2009) Repeat low trauma fractures occur frequently among men and women who have osteopenic BMD. J Bone Miner Res 24:1515–22PubMedCrossRef 4. Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, Barrett-Connor E, Miller PD, Wehren LE, Berger ML (2004) Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med 164:1108–12PubMedCrossRef 5.

, Akishima-shi, Japan) working at 5 kV. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectra of all samples were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 20 UV/Vis Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Finite-difference

MLN2238 time-domain (FDTD) simulation was employed to confirm the reflection property of the nanocone arrays as fabricated in the experiments. Results and discussion Electrochemical anodization of aluminum (Al) in acidic solution to form porous alumina has been well documented [29–31]. The self-organizing mechanism typically yields nanopore arrays with a few micrometers short range hexagonal ordering [32–34]. As the process is facile and low cost, it has been widely used for assembly of nanowires and nanotubes GS-4997 molecular weight previously [17, 21, 25–27]. Meanwhile, Masuda et al. has reported fabrication of long-range perfect-ordered AAM with pitch less than 500 nm by texturing Al surface [35]. On the other hand, in order to

fabricate nanostructures with a wide range of geometries, much larger pitch is required for a number of applications. For example, it has been shown that when photon wavelength is comparable to pitch, it can be efficiently absorbed by the three-dimensional nanowell structure [19]. Therefore, a wide range of pitch enables efficient light-structure interaction for a broad range of wavelength. Nevertheless, perfectly ordered AAM with pitch larger than 500 nm has rarely been reported. The realization of larger pitch eltoprazine was rather challenging due to the ‘breakdown’ or ‘burning’ of the oxide film caused by the catastrophic flow of electric current under higher anodization voltages [36, 37]. Recently, we have reported perfectly ordered AAM with pitch up to 2 μm for efficient photon harvesting [19, 28]. In this work, we have extended the largest pitch up to 3 μm. The detailed fabrication procedure of hexagonally

ordered porous AAM is schematically shown in Figure  1a. Briefly, an Al sheet was polished electrochemically before being imprinted using a Si mold with a hexagonally arranged array of nanopillars, followed by the first anodization with stable high voltage to get ordered anodic alumina channels. The first anodization layer was then etched away (first etch) followed by the second anodization under the same conditions; in this case, the imprinted texture on the top can be Pexidartinib molecular weight removed, leaving the naturally developed porous structure with cone-shape opening. The diameter of the nanopores on the second anodization layer can be controllably widened to desirable size, as shown in Additional file 1: Figure S1a,b. Note that since pitches of structures are larger than 1 μm, the Si imprint molds are fabricated with wafer stepper instead of electron beam lithography [35], thus the molds can be made into large size with high throughput.

The φX216 scrnA and scrnB probes are specific to φX216/φ52237 and amplify DNA fragments from φX216 gene #46 and from the intergenic region between φX216 genes #30 and #31, respectively. The GI2 (Genomic island 2) probe amplifies the junction between the bacterial and prophage genomes at tRNA-Phe, predicted to serve as the attB site for Burkholderia

subgroup A phages [8, 9]. We found that P2-like prophages are very common in B. pseudomallei strains (Table 1). Indeed, PCR analysis revealed that 30 out of 72 B. pseudomallei strains tested allowed amplification of DNA fragments indicative of the presence of a P2-like prophage (see Figure 3 for representative examples). Of those 30, 25 tested positive for subgroup A prophages. Six of Small molecule library cost those, including E0237, selleck inhibitor produced PCR results indicative of a close relationship with φ52237/φX216. B. pseudomallei 1710b, K96243, S13 and 1026b each produced PCR results that match sequence-based predictions for the presence of prophages [7, 8, 15]. Whereas strain 1710b is Selleck ��-Nicotinamide negative for a P2-like prophage, K96243 and S13 are both positive for subgroup A prophages (Table 1). Furthermore,

1026b is predicted to carry a φ52237-like prophage that is split into two fragments located in different regions of chromosome I (GenBank:CP002833.1, Locus # BP1026B_I0126- I0172 and BP1026B_ I3339-I3345). It is important to note that a positive hit for a subgroup A prophage does not exclude the possibility

of a strain possessing multiple subgroup A prophages or more distantly related P2-like prophages. For instance, B. pseudomallei K96243 encodes both the φK96243 subgroup A prophage in genomic island 2, as well as the predicted subgroup B prophage GI15 on chromosome II, but the subgroup A PCR results hide the presence of the subgroup B GI15 prophage due to the fact that the GI15 probe amplicons are identical in size to those from the φK96243 prophage. The PCR probe results also do not indicate whether the candidate prophages can release viable phage progeny or are defective, as observed with the 1026b split φ52237-like prophage. The 30 strains that Avelestat (AZD9668) produced positive hits for P2-like prophages were additionally screened with the GI2 PCR probe. Strain 1710b was used as a P2-like-minus negative control. The 25 subgroup A candidate strains all produced positive PCR results for prophage integration into the 3’ end of the tRNA-Phe gene resulting in the formation of genomic island 2. The five candidates that failed to produce a positive GI2 PCR result were categorized as P2-like only. While our results do not definitively identify these five P2-like candidates as subgroup B members, subgroup B phages are predicted to use a different attB site and integration mechanism [8]. Table 1 B. pseudomallei P2-like prophage distribution screen     P2-like prophage PCR probe results     Multiplex       B.