In order to analyse the effect of the current anti-HCV treatment in this subset of HCV-infected patients,

we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of the selleck inhibitor available literature. The outcome was sustained viral response. Both comparative [odds ratio (OR)] and non-comparative indeces (success rate) were used to run the meta-analytical procedure. Data encompassing 429 thalassaemic HCV-infected patients treated with conventional or pegylated interferon monotherapy or combination therapy with ribavirin were collected from 13 articles (10 prospective cohort studies, 1 randomized-controlled trial and 2 controlled trials). Pooled sustained viralogical response (SVR) was 44.7% (34.6-54.9). Pooled ORs of SVR for Genotype 1 vs non-Genotype 1 infected thalassaemic patients were 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22-0.95) in IFN monotherapy and 1.7 (95% CI: 0.46-6.04) in ribavirin combination therapy. Our meta-analysis shows that thalassaemic patients with Genotype 1 infection significantly Ulixertinib manufacturer benefit from the

addition of ribavirin to their therapeutic regimen. It seems that using ribavirin in thalassaemic patients increases transfusion need by a median of 30-40%, but does not increase major adverse events or treatment withdrawal. Current literature is lacking sufficient evidence about the use of PEG-IFN as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in thalassaemic patients.”
“Cyclic (5′ to 3′)-diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a small molecule that regulates the transition between the sessile and motile lifestyle, an integrative part of biofilm formation and other HM781-36B solubility dmso multicellular behavior, in many bacteria. The recognition of c-di-GMP as a novel secondary messenger soon raised the question about the specificity of the signaling system, as individual bacterial genomes frequently encode numerous c-di-GMP metabolizing

proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that several global regulators concertedly modify the expression of selected panels of c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins, which act on targets with physiological functions. Within complex feed-forward arrangements, the global regulators commonly combine the control of c-di-GMP metabolism with the direct regulation of proteins with functions in motility or biofilm formation, leading to precise and fine-tuned output responses that determine bacterial behavior. c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins are also controlled at the post-translational level by mechanisms including phosphorylation, localization, protein-protein interactions or protein stability. A detailed understanding of such complex regulatory mechanisms will not only help to explain the specificity in c-di-GMP signaling systems, but will also be necessary to understand the high phenotypic diversity within bacterial biofilms at the single cell level.”
“The liver is the primary site of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication.

Additionally, low testosterone levels in hemodialysis patients have been associated with increased mortality risk in some studies. Currently, we count with available therapeutic options in the management of uremic hypogonadism, from optimal delivery of dialysis and adequate nutritional intake, to hormone replacement therapy with different testosterone preparations. Other potential options for treatment include the use of antiestrogens,

dopamine agonists, erythropoiesis-stimulating factors, vitamins, essential trace elements, chorionic gonadotropin and renal transplantation. Potential adverse effects of androgen replacement therapy in patients with kidney disease comprise, however, erythrocytosis, prostate and breast cancer growth, reduced fertility, gynecomastia, obstructive sleep apnea and fluid retention. Androgen preparations should be used with caution see more with stringent monitoring in uremic men. Although there are encouraging data suggesting plausible benefits from testosterone replacement therapy, further studies are needed with regards to safety and effectiveness of this therapy.”
“Objective: A short cervix measured by transvaginal ultrasound

has been correlated with increased risk for preterm delivery (PTD). Many patients presenting with a complaint of possible premature labor (PL); may not have access H 89 clinical trial to cervical length (CL) screening by ultrasound. Cervilenz is an FDA cleared disposable device for obtaining vaginal CL measurements. Raf inhibitor This study was conducted to correlate Cervilenz measurements of CL with the occurrence of PTD.

Methods: Women presenting with regular uterine contractions at gestational age (GA) >= 22 and <34 weeks with intact membranes and cervical dilation <3 cm were recruited. A speculum examination was performed and Cervilenz measurement of CL was obtained. Patients were treated with tocolytics

and/or corticosteroids based upon the attending physician’s judgment. The occurrences of PTD as a result of PL or premature rupture of membranes within 7 days, <32 weeks, <34 weeks and <37 weeks, were determined. Patients who were delivered preterm for other maternal or fetal indications were excluded. Negative predictive value (NPV) was calculated.

Results: Of the 220 women recruited, 20 were subsequently excluded from analysis because they required PTD for unrelated indications. The mean GA at enrollment was 29.8 +/- 2.8 (SD) weeks. One (0.5%), 2 (1.0%), 4 (2.0%) and 29 (14.5%) women delivered at <= 7 days from enrollment, <= 32 weeks, <= 34 weeks, and <= 37 weeks, inclusively. Seventy-seven (38.5%), 39 (19.5%) and 19 (9.5%) women had Cervilenz measurement of <= 30, <= 25 and <= 20 mm, respectively. The NPV for a Cervilenz measurement of >20 mm for delivery at, <= 32, <= 34 and <= 37 weeks were 99.2%, 98.3% and 86.7%, respectively.

Her symptoms were improved and discharged. A repeat cesarean section was performed at 37 weeks of gestation and her postoperative course was uneventful. Her daily activities were not hindered severely, though she experienced defecation discomfort.”
“Background: The clinical, morphological, and electrocardiographical relevance of delayed enhancement (DE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was Studied in patients

with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Methods and Results: A total of 56 patients underwent both gadolinium-enhanced CMR and 12-lead electrocardiogram. The CMR demonstrated DE at Z-VAD-FMK datasheet the left ventricular (LV) wall in 39 patients. The patients with DE included more cases with dilated phase of HCM, higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes and incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT), lower LV ejection

fraction (LVEF) and mean LV wall thickness (WT), and a larger ratio of maximum to minimum LVWT. The QRS duration was prolonged and the QRS axis deviated toward left with increases in the DE volume (r = 0.58 and r = 0.41, P < .01). Abnormal Q HSP990 concentration waves were present in 5 patients and the location coincided with the DE segments in 4 patients, but the concordance was not significant. The amplitude of T waves correlated with the ratio of the apex to basal LVWT (r = 0.38, P < .01) and was more negative in cases with DE at the apex.

Conclusions: In HCM, the DE was associated with higher NYHA classes and prevalence of VT, impaired global LV function and asymmetrical hypertrophy, and conduction disturbance, abnormal Q waves, and giant negative T waves. (J Cardiac Fail 2009:15:419-427)”
“Rupture of renal artery aneurysm associated with pregnancy is an uncommon condition. It is known that almost all previously reported cases have occurred during pregnancy. We experienced a case of rupture of renal artery aneurysm during the early post-partum period which was diagnosed by computed tomography and treated by angiographic embolization. To our knowledge, only

two cases of rupture of renal artery aneurysm during the post-partum period have been reported in the English-language published work. An early diagnosis of rupture of renal artery aneurysm during the post-partum period is very challenging because the clinical symptoms of this condition are acute abdominal, flank or back pain, which are Selleck Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library relatively common signs caused by more common post-partum complications. However, rupture of renal artery aneurysm is a life-threatening emergency condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. The possibility of a rupture of renal artery aneurysm should be considered in any pregnant women with symptoms of an acute abdomen with hemorrhagic shock.”
“Background: This article analyzes the relative costs and revenues of the Tufts Medical Center Cardiomyopathy Unit (CMU), a recent innovation for grouping and managing advanced decompensated heart failure patients.

8, and 3.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.24, respectively; P < 0.001). The duration of PFM contraction was correlated with FSFI orgasmic domain and sexual arousal (r = 0.26, P < 0.001; r = 0.32, P < 0.0001, respectively).

Our findings suggest that both the orgasm and arousal function are related to better PFM

function.”
“We describe a variation of the big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) technique using the femtosecond laser zigzag incision. This technique PP2 cost allows precise depth visualization for air-needle placement in the posterior stroma based on the lamellar and posterior laser cuts, thus minimizing the risk for perforation of Descemet membrane. The matching donor and host tissue zigzag cut allows more precise tissue apposition and greater surface area for healing. The angled anterior donor and host junction allows a smooth transition for improved visual outcomes. If the big-bubble- Descemet membrane dissection fails, the surgeon can convert to a full-thickness

Blebbistatin order graft while retaining the benefits of the femtosecond laser incision.”
“Background: Dexmedetomidine is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in children. We previously showed that dexmedetomidine depresses sinus and AV nodal function resulting in adverse hemodynamic effects such as bradycardia and increased blood pressure. We hypothesized that these effects of dexmedetomidine might be antagonized by co-administration of ketamine, which has sympathomimetic properties.

Methods: Twenty-two children (ages 5-17 years) undergoing electrophysiologic (EP) study and ablation for supraventricular tachycardia were enrolled. Patients were kept sedated with continuous infusion of propofol

at a fixed rate. Hemodynamic and Tozasertib EP parameters were measured before and after a loading dose of dexmedetomidine (1 lg.kg(-1)). A continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.7 lg.kg(-1).h(-1)) was initiated and a ketamine loading dose (1 mg.kg(-1)), followed by continuous infusion (1 mg.kg-1.h(-1)), was given. A repeat set of hemodynamic and EP parameters were then measured at the time of projected peak tissue concentration for both drugs.

Results: A significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was seen compared with baseline after loading of dexmedetomidine. This returned to baseline after co-administration of ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine 1.8 mmHg; 95% CI, -7.8 to 4.3; P = < 0.001). A decrease in heart rate was seen after dexmedetomidine followed by a return to baseline after co-administration of ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine -6.5 bpm; 95% CI,-11.2 to-1.8; P = 0.005). Sinus node recovery time was lengthened after dexmedetomidine but returned to baseline after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine-16.2 ms; 95% CI, -63 to 30; P = 0.014). QT was prolonged after dexmedetomidine and returned to baseline after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine -34.

The resulting intermetallic compounds GW4869 nmr may have much higher shear moduli than those of the constituent metals, which can make positive contribution

to the hardness enhancement of the nanoscale multilayer thin film. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3646560]“
“BACKGROUND: In 2002, by popular vote, Swiss citizens accepted to legalise termination of pregnancy (TOP), up to the 12th week of amenorrhoea (WA). As a result, the cantons formulated rules of application. In 2002, medical TOP was authorised. Health institutions then had to modify their procedures and practices.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY/PRINCIPLES: What are the views of healthcare professionals Selleckchem LEE011 on the modifications of procedures and practices implemented in French-speaking Switzerland?

METHODS: Qualitative method: in-depth interviews with 77 healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses and midwives, and sexual and reproductive health social workers. Voluntary participation. Thematic analysis with content analysis software.

RESULTS: Most professionals have a balanced point of view on their practices. There is no point of view specific to each different category of professionals interviewed. They are unanimous on the elimination of the need for a second opinion. The points of view diverge on the usefulness of imposed waiting time to think before

TOP, minors’ access to TOP without parental consent, access to medical TOP and the right to refuse to practice TOP for personal reasons in public hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS: The professionals do

not question women’s right to have TOP up to 12 WA, but they do diverge over procedures and practices. Institutional and cantonal cultures are probably behind these differences.”
“Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, the kinds of proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress remain unclear. JNK-IN-8 purchase In the present study, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+) to induce apoptotic neuronal injury. 2D-DIGE followed by MALDI-TOF-MS was used to determine the changing protein levels. Proteomics analysis revealed that 22 proteins were differentially altered in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells, of which 7 were up-regulated proteins and 15 were down-regulated proteins, respectively. Three protein spots were unambiguously identified as sorcin, annexin V, and ribosomal protein P0. The three proteins showed a significant increase in level, suggesting a role in MPP+-induced apoptosis. The functional roles of these three proteins collectively indicate that multiple mechanisms are pertinent in the underlying pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, and DNA insults.

Healing was assessed with biweekly serial radiographs, micro-computed tomography of the explanted bones, and histologic analysis.

Results: rhPDGF-BB treatment significantly increased

new-bone formation at the midconsolidation time points (Days 42, 49, and 56) as well as the union rate. On Day 49 regenerate bone volume was significantly greater in each of the three rhPDGF-BB-treated groups than in the controls (p < 0.05, p = 0.0002, and p < 0.05 for the 100, 300, and 1000 mu g/mL rhPDGF-BB groups, respectively), whereas on Day 42 regenerate bone volume was significantly greater in the 300 and 1000 mu g/mL rhPDGF-BB groups than in the controls (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.05, respectively) and on Day 56 regenerate bone volume was significantly greater in the 100 and 300 mu g/mL rhPDGF-BB groups than in the controls (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, find more respectively). The overall union rate was 40.4% (nineteen of forty-seven) in the rhPDGF-BB-treated animals, compared with 4.5%

(one of twenty-two) in the controls (p = 0.01). The radiographic and histologic results were consistent with new-bone formation as quantified by micro-computed tomography, although they were less definitive.

Conclusions: The administration Dinaciclib of exogenous rhPDGF-BB into the distraction site during diaphyseal distraction enhanced bone-healing in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis as evidenced by both increased regenerate new-bone formation and a higher union rate.

Clinical Relevance: The ability of rhPDGF-BB to enhance healing in this model suggests that it may be able to shorten treatment

time and to decrease the nonunion rate in the BKM120 challenging healing environment created during distraction osteogenesis.”
“The Myelopathy Disability Index and the Neck Disability Index are widely used to assess outcome in cervical spine surgery. Short Form (SF) 36 is a generic measure of health which can be used to measure health gains across a wide variety of conditions. The aim of the current study is to assess long-term outcomes using these measures in a cohort of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).

Cohort study with prospective data collection. Patients with CSM being offered decompressive surgery were asked to complete a set of generic and condition-specific outcome measures. This was repeated post-operatively at 3, 12, 24 and 60 months. SF-36 was used as a generic outcome measure and the Myelopathy Index, Neck Disability Score and visual analogue scores for arm, neck and hand pain, paraesthesia and dysthaesia were used as condition-specific outcome measures.

Significant improvements in all outcome measures were seen in 70 % of the cohort. For SF-36, pre-operative scores were lower than age-matched controls in all domains and significant improvements were seen 3 months following surgery. This improvement in outcome was maintained at 5 years follow-up in approximately two-thirds of those with initial improvement.

Results: Nonholders experienced more opioid withdrawal (SUbOWS-NH: 22.0 +/- 8.8 vs. PH: 12.2 +/- 8.2 vs. H: 9.3 +/- 10.0, p < 0.001) and craving (OCDUS-NH: 11.4 +/- 8.8 vs. PH: 6.4 +/- 6.9 vs. H: 6.5 +/- 6.2, p = 0.016). Holders experienced less Obsessive/Cornpulsive psychological distress (SCL-90-NH: 15.3 +/- 8.1 vs. PH: 12.3 +/- 7.3 vs. H: 6.6 +/- 5.1, p < 0.001), Depression/Dejection (POMS-NH: 19.7 +/- 13.7 vs. PH: 17.2 +/- 13.2 vs. H: 7.9 +/- 10.4, p = 0.002), and neurotic personality (NEO-NH: 63.3 +/- 12.3 vs. PH: 60.9 +/- 10.0 vs.

H: 54.0 +/- 8.8, p=0.006). Partial holders had a www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-203580.html less agreeable personality (NEO-NH: 44.2 +/- 8.6 vs. PH: 38.0 +/- 10.6 vs. H: 47.6 +/- 11.7, p = 0.002).

Conclusions: Physical opioid withdrawal is an important

factor in understanding patient satisfaction with MMT. However, patient characteristics, such as level of psychological distress and negative mood, may also need to be considered because of their relationship with perceived inter-dose opioid withdrawal symptoms and patient satisfaction. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Controversy exists regarding the optimal technique of subscapularis tendon mobilization during shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of the present randomized double-blind Staurosporine supplier study was to compare two of these techniques-lesser tuberosity osteotomy and subscapularis peel-with regard to muscle strength and functional outcomes.

Methods: Selleckchem Blebbistatin Patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty were randomized to undergo either a lesser tuberosity osteotomy or a subscapularis peel. The primary outcome was subscapularis muscle strength as measured with an electronic handheld dynamometer at twenty-four months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores. A sample size calculation determined that eighty-six patients provided

90% power with a 0.79 effect size to detect a significant difference between groups.

Results: Forty-three patients were allocated to subscapularis osteotomy, and forty-four patients were allocated to subscapularis peel. Eighty-three percent of the study cohort returned for the twenty-four-month follow-up. The primary outcome of subscapularis muscle strength at twenty-four months revealed no significant difference (p = 0.131) between the lesser tuberosity osteotomy group (mean [and standard deviation], 4.4 +/- 2.9 kg) and the subscapularis peel group (mean, 5.5 +/- 2.6 kg). Comparison of secondary outcomes, including the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores, demonstrated no significant differences between groups at any time point.

The use of scheduled coil re-entry embolization of the false lumen before endovascular entry coverage using a stent graft is a novel approach that could become a treatment option for aneurysmal type B dissection.”
“This study aimed to assess the nutritional composition of the fruit and the physicochemical and bioactive properties of jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L) pulp and seed oils. The lipid content

of both fractions was below 6%. There was a significant presence of minerals, especially, sodium, potassium and phosphorus. The main macronutrient in pulp and seed was crude fiber, and considerable amounts of Vitamin C, 51.87 and 121.45 mg/100 g respectively, were found. The physicochemical properties demonstrated the good quality PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 nmr of the oils. The oxidative stability index ON-01910 cost was influenced by the composition of fatty acids reaching a value of 45.97 h for the jatoba pulp oil. The most abundant bioactive compounds were alpha-tocopherol (886.37 and 993.63 mg/kg) and beta-sitosterol (61.83 and 91.09 mg/kg) for pulp and seed oils, respectively. Among the unsaturated fatty acids in the pulp, the oleic (46.09%) and linolenic acid (14.54%) stood out. The pulp and seed oils can be considered a valuable source for new industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“Aim:

A case-cohort study was performed

to clarify and compare the risk factors for placental abruption and placenta previa.

Material & Methods:

This study reviewed 242 715 births at 125 centers of the perinatal network in Japan from 2001 through to 2005 as a base-cohort. Women with

singleton pregnancies delivered after 22 weeks of gestation were included. The evaluation determined the risk factors for placental abruption and placenta previa. Five click here thousand and thirty-six births (2.1%) were determined as the subcohort by random selection. Acute-inflammation-associated clinical conditions (premature rupture of membranes and clinical chorioamnionitis) and chronic processes associated with vascular dysfunction or chronic inflammation (chronic and pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-existing or gestational diabetes and maternal smoking) was examined between the two groups.

Results:

Placental abruption and placenta previa were recorded in 10.1 per 1000 and 13.9 per 1000 singleton births. Risk factors for abruption and previa, respectively, included maternal age over 35 years (adjusted risk ratios [RRs] = 1.20 and 1.78), IVF-ET (RRs = 1.38 and 2.94), preterm labor (RRs = 1.63 and 3.09). Smoking (RRs = 1.37), hypertension (RRs = 2.48), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (RR = 4.45) were risk factors for abruption but not for previa. On the other hand, multiparity (RR = 1.18) was a risk factor for previa but not for abruption. The rates of acute-inflammation-associated conditions and chronic processes were higher among women with abruption than with previa. (RR 2.0 and 4.08, respectively).

Methods: We used the 2003 French Decennial Health Survey of a representative sample of the general population-including 22,620 adult subjects who completed the SF-36 questionnaire-to test various socio-demographic, health status and QoL variables as potential predictors of missingness. We constructed logistic regression models for each SF-36 item to identify independent predictors and classify them according to Little and Rubin (“”missing completely

at random”", “”missing at random”" and “”missing not at random”").

Results: The type of missingness was missing at random for half of the items of the SF-36 and missing not at random selleck inhibitor for the others. None of the items were missing completely at random. Independent predictors of missingness were age, female sex, low scores on the SF-36 subscales and in some cases low educational level, occupation, nationality and poor health status.

Conclusion: This study of the SF-36 shows that imputation

of missing items is necessary and emphasizes several factors for missingness that should be considered in prevention strategies of missing data. Similar methodologies could be applied to item missingness in other QoL questionnaires.”
“Turkey is not only the main apricot (Prunus armeniaca) producer and exporter in the world, but it also has a wide variety of apricot germplasms, owing to its close proximity KPT-8602 solubility dmso to the centers of apricot origin. However, there is little or no genetic information on many apricot cultivars that are extensively cultivated in Turkey. We examined the genetic relatedness of 25 Turkish and four exotic apricot cultivars using SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers that were either previously developed for apricot, or for peach (P. persica), a close relative of apricot. Allele diversity (with an average allele number of 6.37) at the SSR loci and the heterozygosity rates (with an average Ho value of 0.648) of these cultivars were found to be higher than in previous studies that used the same loci for apricot. This fact might be

attributed to the analysis of different numbers of accessions in the different studies. No correlations were found between the genetic relatedness and the geographical distributions of these cultivars. The IPI 145 data reported here will assist in the prevention of confusions in the apricot propagation and breeding in Turkey. The findings can also be directly compared with other studies that used the same SSR markers on apricot.”
“The prevalence of renal insufficiency in hypertensive participants without comorbidities affecting renal function is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of renal insufficiency in general hypertensive population. We examined 994 hypertensive participants aged 45-70 years without previously diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease.

SummaryAfter considering the evolution of lung donor and recipient management practices, in 2013 the available evidence suggests that the traditional factors defining a lung as extended’, do not actually compromise outcomes within the framework of current management strategies. Extended donor lungs are safe.”
“This study was designed to characterize the nutraceutical composition of a water-soluble

enzymatic extract from rice bran (EERB) and to evaluate its antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activities. The EERB contains broad functional components in water soluble form such as sterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, gamma-oryzanol and peptides. The antioxidant behaviour of EERB specifically against selleck products lipid oxidation was measured in an emulsion prepared with fish oil containing fatty acid very susceptible to oxidation (EPA; DHA 30%): the emulsion shows a stable antioxidant activity, Nirogacestat price specifically preserving the lipid from peroxidation phenomena and inhibiting the generation

of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid peroxides. Moreover, the hypocholesterolemic activity was evaluated in male Wistar rats through two different hypercholesterolemic diet models: a reduction in total cholesterol levels and an increase in HDL-cholesterol were found in both models. EERB is a new product from rice bran that can control lipid oxidation in emulsions and induce a physiological hypocholesterolemic effect. These findings may facilitate the development and use of new products derived from rice within the functional food SB202190 price field. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Intramedullary nailing for the treatment of unstable distal radial fractures is reported to provide stable fixation with minimal soft-tissue complications, but there is a paucity of data documenting the results of this technique. The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the functional

outcomes of treatment of unstable distal radial fractures with an intramedullary nail.

Methods: Patients aged fifty years and older with a dorsally displaced unstable distal radial fracture-an extra-articular or simple intra-articular fracture-that was amenable to closed or percutaneous reduction were offered treatment with intramedullary nail fixation (MICRONAIL). Thirty-one patients were enrolled in the study, and twenty-nine patients with a mean age of sixty-seven years (range, fifty-one to eighty-five years) were available for one-year follow-up. According to the AO classification, there was one type-A2, twenty-four type-A3, and four type-C2 distal radial fractures. The patients were evaluated at six weeks, three months, six months, and one year after surgery.