75 Supporting this view, case reports describe severe TBI patients developing images of the traumatic event based on police reports, dreams, and other secondary sources.61,65 For example, Bryant76 reported a man who developed PTSD 12 months after his injury, which involved an extended period of anterograde and retrograde Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical amnesia. When this man was directed to resume driving he developed distressing and intrusive

images of his accident that were based on a newspaper photograph of his wrecked car. Although he was densely amnesic of the accident, he developed a series of images that were founded on his memory of the photograph. Interestingly, these images changed with time. For example, when he became concerned that his children may be harmed when he was driving, his intrusive images changed to include his children lying dead in the car. Bryant and Harvey62 compared the intrusive

imagery of motor vehicle survivors who either (i) had PTSD and no TBI; (ii) had PTSD following severe 1131 and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reported intrusive memories that were inconsistent with objective reports of the accident; or (iii) had no PTSD. All participants were asked to listen to an audio tape Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of a car crash sound effect, and were then interviewed about their cognitive and emotional responses. When these responses were independently rated on a range of constructs, it was found that those PTSD participants with and without TBI reported comparable levels of vivid imagery, emotional response, in voluntariness, and sense of reality. The only difference was that those with a TBI

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tended to report stationary images rather than moving sequential imagery. This finding highlights that the reconstructed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical memories that develop in TBI patients can be subjectively compelling and share may of the attributes of imager}’ experienced by people who have continuous recall of their trauma. Postamnesia resolution A third possible mechanism is that many people who sustain a TBI, and frequently those with MTBI, suffer traumatic experiences following resolution of their posttraumatic Phosphoprotein phosphatase amnesia. One may be knocked unconscious in a motor vehicle accident victim but be fully aware of the experience of being cut out of the car by paramedics, experiencing severe pain, being treated in an emergency room, and Ibrutinib cost fearing for their safety. These experiences function similarly to any traumatic scenario observed by people who develop PTSD in the absence of any TBI. Many MTBI patients will report distressing memories of their experience, despite islands of amnesia in which they cannot recall the point of impact in which they sustained their MTBI. The impact of TBI on PTSD One of the intriguing findings in recent years is that MTBI appears to increase the risk for PTSD.