Locomotion and courtship behavior were assayed once the animals had grown to sexual maturity. The results demonstrate a sexually dimorphic role for JH in the modulation of these centrally controlled behaviors in mature animals that is dependent on the age of the animals assayed,

and present DA as a candidate neuronal factor that differentially interacts with JH depending on the sex of the animal. The data also suggest that JH modulates these behaviors through an indirect mechanism. Since gonadotropic hormones and DA interact in mammals to affect brain development and learn more later function, our results suggest that this mechanism for the development of adult behavioral competence may be evolutionarily conserved. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The acronym chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been introduced in the early 1960s to describe a disease characterized by largely irreversible airflow obstruction, due to a combination of airway disease and pulmonary emphysema, without defining their respective contribution to the pathology. COPD is a disorder that causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Currently, it represents the fourth leading cause of death in the world, and it is expected to increase both in prevalence and in mortality over the next decades. The most widely adopted

definition of COPD is that of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung A-1331852 molecular weight Disease (GOLD), that recommends the use of the post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC)<0.7 to define irreversible airflow obstruction. This approach, called “fixed ratio”, has been introduced to selleck chemicals llc provide a simple tool for COPD diagnosis, as it is easy to remember. Even if modern medicine and research seem to prefer rigid cut-offs and classifications, this often contrasts with the complex nature of the disease. The aim of the present review is to explain that such a fixed cut-off failed to increase COPD diagnosis, and furthermore often leads to inescapable

misclassification of patients, with the risk of an excessive simplification of a clinical approach necessarily complex. (C) 2013 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“Titius-Bode rule, which is generalized by VELINOV and YUSKOLOV [(9)] for the planets in the Solar system, is applied for Neptunian satellites too. New algorithm for the distances and fixed places of the satellites in Neptunian system is proposed. We suggest linear quantization of space in the gravitational field of Neptune on the basis of the exponential function (d) over tilde (i) = 2(x-2) + C, as C = 1 for every i = 1, 2, 3, … , 21 (i = 6 for Naiad, i = 9 for Triton, etc.). The function (d) over tilde (i) multiplied with the mathematical constant pi forms the interpolating linear functional l(i)((f) over tilde) which contains information about the distance of the i-th satellite to Neptune.