Depending on the connectivity of a lake, local regime shifts can be obstructed or, on the contrary, promoted by water quality states elsewhere within a lake ( Hilt et al., 2011 and Scheffer and Van Nes, 2007). In this way, events like state shifts can propagate as a domino effect throughout a lake ( Hilt et al., 2011 and Van Nes Venetoclax mw and Scheffer, 2005). The combination of size effect, spatial heterogeneity and internal connectivity of large shallow lakes leads to a unique spatial response of these lakes to eutrophication. Given the relatively low number of large shallow lakes ( Bohacs et al., 2003, Downing et al., 2006 and ILEC, 1999) and the large differences

between these lakes (e.g. in precipitation, altitude or latitude) it is difficult to make generalisations. Here, we will focus on a large shallow lake, Lake Taihu, located in eastern China ( Fig. 4). Measured this website in terms of its depth to surface ratio, Taihu is among the shallowest of large lakes, only surpassed by Lake Eyre (Australia, which is ephemeral), Lake Chilwa (Malawi, temporarily dried out in 1968), Lake Taimyr (Russia, riverine and frozen for most of the year), Lake Hungtze (China, riverine) and during the dry season by Lake Tonlé Sap (Cambodia, riverine) ( ILEC, 1999). Taihu is therefore

a good model system to study the contribution of size effect, spatial heterogeneity and internal connectivity to the spatial variability and development of large shallow lakes. Taihu is China’s third largest freshwater lake (2338 km2) situated in the Yangtze River delta, approximately 100 km west of Shanghai (Qin et al., 2007). The lake is very shallow compared to its size with only 1.9 m Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase average depth to a maximum of 2.6 m and is polymictic (Shen et al., 2011). More than 200 tributaries form

a complex network that connects the lake with its own catchment. In the north, the catchment borders the Yangtze River. Since the 1980s, the lake has been plagued by algal blooms. The seriousness of the situation became particularly clear at the end of May to early June 2007 when more than 1 million people in the nearby city of Wuxi were without drinking water for up to a month due to large cyanobacterial scums at the water plant inlet (Guo, 2007 and Qin et al., 2010). The current lake water quality with its cyanobacterial toxins is a direct health risk for the 40 million people that live in the Taihu Basin and depend on the lake ecosystem (Qin et al., 2010). The problem is of national significance since 10.3% of China’s GDP (as determined in 2000) is produced in the watershed of Taihu (Duan et al., 2009). Up until now, measures to reduce the algal blooms in Taihu have had little effect (Chen et al., 2009, Chen et al., 2012a, Hu et al., 2008 and Li et al., 2013). Prior to 6500 BC, farming societies established in the region of Lake Taihu (Smith, 1995).