\n\nResults: One thousand eighty eyes from 1072 patients

were studied. Underlying systemic diseases were present in 48.1% of cases. Underlying ophthalmic diseases included glaucoma 3.5% and retinal diseases 3.5%. Thirty-four percent of the eyes underwent phacoemulsification and 24.1% underwent extracapsular cataract extraction. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 25.9% of the eyes. Other procedures included corneal surgery, strabismus correction, endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation, and evisceration. The majority of the retrobulbar block was performed by the first year residents learn more (67.3%). All of the blocks were performed by dominant hands. Complications after retrobulbar block were seen in 4.7% (95% CI=3.5-6.0%) of the eyes. Lid swelling, chemosis, and ecchymosis were seen in 23 eyes (2.1%). Napabucasin Retrobulbar hemorrhage was detected in 24 eyes (2.2%). Optic nerve injection and subarachnoid injection were seen in four eyes (0.4%). Factors associated with severe complications were patient

age of 60 years or more, and history of recent use of anticoagulants.\n\nConclusion: The incidence of complications after retrobulbar block is 4.7% of the eyes. Severe complications occur more frequently in elderly patients and recent use of anticoagulants.”
“Objectives: To describe the clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of patients with acute hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and compare them with other patients with PHPT without associated acute hypercalcaemia.\n\nMaterial and methods: A prospective, observational study (1998-2010) was conducted on 158 patients ZD1839 with PHPT treated by parathyroidectomy. Those with acute hypercalcaemia (>14 mg/dl -3.5 mmol/L- or >3 mmol/L with symptoms of calcium toxicity) were evaluated by recording their clinical and treatment characteristics, and comparing them, using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Fisher test, with the 146 PHPT patients without hypercalcaemic crisis.\n\nResults: Twelve patients (7.6%) had acute hypercalcaemia

with symptoms of calcium toxicity and other symptoms of chronicity. The preoperative calcium and PTH values were 14.5 +/- 1.3 mg/dL and 648.2 +/- 542 pg/dL, respectively. There were 10 adenomas, 1 hyperplasia and 1 carcinoma. The mean weight of the surgical pieces was 4.075 +/- 2.918 mg, with a diameter greater than 27 +/- 14 mm. The gradients of PTH at 10 and 25 minutes were 79 +/- 18% and 92 +/- 6%, respectively. Post-operative calcium values on discharge and at 6 months were 8.2 +/- 0.7 mg/dL and 9.1 +/- 0.9 mg/dL, respectively. The plasma concentrations of calcium, PTH, and the size of the surgical pieces were higher in patients with hypercalcaemic crisis (P<0.001). There were no differences in the other parameters studied or in the cure rate.\n\nConclusions: Hypercalcaemic crises were caused by larger and heavier tumours that led to higher plasma Ca and PTH plasma concentrations.