RB6-8C5 treated mice succumbed to IA with a similar time course as cortisone acetate-treated mice. However, a notable difference between both models was the absence of neutrophils and the severe tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells (mainly macrophages) seen in RB6-8C5-treated mice at days three to four after infection.

This tissue infiltration covered approximately 19% of the total lung surface and was more severe than observed in the cortisone acetate treatment group (approximately 11%). Treatment with cyclophosphamide was assumed to have the strongest impact on the development of IA. It results in: (i) a reduction BACE inhibitor in the number of monocytes and neutrophils in the peripheral blood by 64 and 88%, respectively [37–39]   (ii) a reduction in the number of AM and neutrophils in an experimental lung check details infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae [40]   (iii) an impairment of phagocytosis [41]   (iv) an immune dysfunction through reactive oxygen intermediate-induced damage to the immune system cells [42–44] without alteration of the degranulation

process [38] and finally   (v) a failure in neutrophil chemotactic function [45]. As expected, under this treatment, we did not observe inflammation within the infected tissues. Therefore, mice treated with cyclophosphamide succumb to uncontrolled infection resulting in tissue destruction and blood vessel infiltration find more by the fungal mycelium and the fungal biomass produced under this regimen was by far most pronounced at late time points (Figure 2 and 13). In contrast, cortisone acetate and RB6-8C5 treatment likely results in additional tissue injury due to the strong, but ineffective host inflammatory response.   Interestingly, the luminescence additionally enabled us to detect and monitor extrathoracic growth of A. fumigatus

in particular in the sinus area even in cortisone acetate treated mice. The resulting suppurative sinusitis may indicate a defect in the innate immune response in the upper respiratory airway rather than dissemination. Reflecting on the outcome of aspergillosis from the different infection models, we conclude Thalidomide that AM are likely to be important in orchestrating the early immune response to recruit other immune effector cells. However, although able to slow fungal outgrowth, AM are insufficient to clear the infection in the absence of neutrophils. Neutrophil depletion by the RB6-8C5 antibody leads to a predominately monocyte infiltration to the site of infection. Influx of mononuclear cells is insufficient to replace neutrophil function. Corticosteroid treatment leads to the most rapid germination of conidia, which may reflect functional inactivation of alveolar macrophages followed by the ongoing influx of neutrophils, which are attenuated in their conidial and hyphal killing mechanisms.