Overactive bladder

may be secondary to multiple brain infarctions due to diabetic cerebral vasculopathy or peripheral nerve irritation causing detrusor overactivity and increased bladder sensation.28 Several epidemiological studies have reported the independent association of nocturia with diabetes after adjustment for other factors (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3–2.2, and OR, 1.5; www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html 95% CI, 1.1–2.3, respectively).20,29 Other studies have not found an association.22,23 In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, changes in afferent and efferent pathways innervating the bladder have been observed.30 Diuresis induced by feeding sucrose to rats causes significant increases in bladder contractility, capacity, and compliance, similar to changes observed in diabetic rats.31,32 Those similarities suggest that bladder hypertrophy in diabetic animals may be a physiological adaptation to increased urine production. Dyslipidemia is a well-known risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). Several articles suggest an association between ED and LUTS.33,34 In an experimental setting, hyperlipidemic rats developed bladder hyperactivity FDA-approved Drug Library cell line more frequently than did controls.35 Another study reported that after being fed a high-fat diet, hyperlipidemic rats had bladder overactivity, prostatic enlargement, and ED.36 However,

the association between dyslipidemia and LUTS/nocturia is less clear. Park reported that hypertriglyceridemia is associated with moderate to severe LUTS (multivariate OR, 1.808; 95% CI, 1.074–3.046) in Korean males aged ≥65 years.37 Kupelian reported a significant association between nocturia (≥2 voids/night) and hypertriglyceridemia (multivariate OR, 1.67; 95% CI 1.07–2.51) in a population-based epidemiological survey.15 However, other epidemiological studies found no association between nocturia and dyslipidemia.38,39 Associations between

LUTS and major chronic illnesses/conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity have been reported previously, and interest in the contribution of factors outside the urinary tract to urinary symptoms has increased. But there have been few reports on the relationship between MetS and nocturia. Kupelian reported very that men with LUTS are more likely to have MetS, based on a population-based epidemiological survey.15 When they analyzed LUTS individually, it was found that incomplete emptying (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.03–2.44), intermittency (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.06–2.30), and nocturia (OR 1.69; 95% CI, 1.21–2.36) were all independently associated with increased OR of MetS. We evaluated the relationship between components of MetS and nocturia in Japanese men and women. We collected data on 28 238 individuals who participated in a multiphasic health screening in Fukui, Japan.39 We defined the following four components of MetS: (i) high body mass index (BMI) (≥25.0); (ii) high blood pressure; (iii) impaired glucose tolerance; and, (iv) dyslipidemia.