Among various glucose detection methods, such as spectrophotometric
[2], chemiluminescence [3], and electrochemical methods [4–6], the amperometric electrochemical biosensor based on glucose oxidase (GOD) has played a leading role in the move of simple one-step blood sugar testing. Since the development of the first glucose biosensor, improvement of the response performances of enzyme electrodes has continued to be the main focus of biosensor research [7]. In particular, research for new materials and methods for immobilizing enzyme is still a very important subject to get more active and stable biosensors. GR, with a two-dimensional (2D) sp2-hybridized carbon structure in a single-atom-thick sheet, has rapidly emerged as one of P505-15 ic50 the most attractive materials [8, 9]. Due to its unique physical
and chemical properties, such as high surface area, excellent conductivity, good chemical stability, and strong mechanical strength, GR provides an ideal base for electronics, electric devices, and biosensors [10–17]. Recently, GR-based hybrids are of scientific and industrial interest due to the synergistic contribution of two or more functional components. With appropriate designs, nanocomposites can exhibit the beneficial properties of each parent constituent, producing a material with improved performance. Up to now, various materials have been incorporated Selleck Quisinostat with GR layers, including conducting polymers [18], carbon nanospheres [19], metal nanoparticles (NPs) [20], and ionic liquid [21], to construct electrochemical sensors. Depsipeptide molecular weight Among them, metal NPs have received
a great deal of interest on account of their unique electronic, chemical, and optical properties. Because PtNPs and AuNPs could provide a suitable microenvironment for biomolecule immobilization and facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized protein and PtNPs and AuNPs, they have been widely applied in immunosensors and biosensors [22–24]. On the basis of the outstanding physical and chemical properties of PtNPs, AuNPs, and GR composites, it is highly desirable that a selleck inhibitor hybrid composed of PtAu bimetallic nanoparticles (PtAuNPs) and GR could be used as the sensing platform in electrochemical biosensors. To date, GR-metal hybrids are primarily prepared by in situ growth method. However, it is difficult to grow small and uniformly distributed metal NPs on GR surface. In addition, the resulting GR-metal hybrids are mostly in the form of precipitate and not suitable for applications requiring well-dispersed materials. In order to obtain water-soluble GR-based hybrids, various molecules including polymers and surfactants have been recently utilized to functionalize GR [25, 26] as supports for metal NPs, but great challenges still remain in rationally functionalizing GR as a superior support for significantly improved electrochemical performance.