According to Buchner (1960), many hatching larvae and nymphs (e.g. Regorafenib weevils, stink bugs) own biting mouthparts with which they feed parts of the eggshell during its burst and are thus infected with the bacteria. Larval infection of P. riparius with endosymbionts most probably takes place in the same manner. However, where exactly the endosymbiotic bacteria of P. riparius are located inside the beetles was not resolved in this work and requires further FISH investigations with the novel oligonucleotide probes developed in this study. We thank J. Piel (Kekulé Institute, University of Bonn) for the supply with the ketosynthase-specific primer

pair KS1F/KS1R, H. Rödel (Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth) for the kind introduction in sigmaplot 9.0, R. Grotjahn (Institute of Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth) for numerous electron-microscopical exposures, E. Helldörfer (Institute of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth) for the creation of scientific figures of Paederus beetles’ anatomy, W. Nowak and I. Nowak for

the provision of several P. riparius specimens and Harold L. Drake for provision of a LINUX-based network for arb. Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged (GRAKO 678). “
“Bacteria secrete small signal molecules into the environment that induce self and neighbour gene expression. This phenomenon, termed quorum sensing, allows cooperative Apoptosis inhibitor behaviours that increase the fitness of the group. The best-studied signal molecules are the N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), Montelukast Sodium secreted by a growing number of bacterial species including important pathogen species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These molecules have recently been proposed to have properties other than those of signalling, functioning as iron quelants or antibiotics. As the presence of an acylase capable of inactivating long-chain AHLs in Anabaena sp. PCC7120 could constitute a defence mechanism against these molecules,

in this work we analyse the effects of different AHLs varying in length and substitutions on the growth and nitrogen metabolism of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120. All the AHLs tested strongly inhibited nitrogen fixation. The inhibition seems to take place at post-transcriptional level, as no effect on heterocyst differentiation or on the expression of nitrogenase was observed. Moreover, N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OC10-HSL) showed a specific cytotoxic effect on this cyanobacterium in the presence of a combined nitrogen source, but the mechanism involved seems to be different from that described so far for tetramic acid derivatives of oxo-substituted AHLs. These results suggest a variety of new unexpected activities for AHLs, at least on cyanobacterial populations. The term ‘quorum sensing’ (QS) (Fuqua et al.