1d There was no statistically significant difference in CCL2 liv

1d. There was no statistically significant difference in CCL2 liver expression between cirrhotic patients [4·4 102 (26·5-1·1 104) mRNA copies/106 copies HPRT; n = 62] and those without cirrhosis [2·4 102 (3·5-3·1 103) mRNA copies/106 copies Venetoclax HPRT; n = 12] (P = 0·071). Liver CCL2 mRNA expression also showed an association with parameters of disease severity (Table 2b). We studied plasma levels and hepatic CCL2 expression according to short-term prognosis defined by 90-day survival. We did not find higher plasma levels in patients who died within 90 days [2·1 102 (90·5–1·6

103) pg/ml; n = 12] compared to those who survived [2·3 102 (20·4-1·4 103) pg/ml; n = 79] (P = 0·769). Nor was CCL2 liver expression higher in patients AUY-922 manufacturer who died within 90 days [3·5 102 (38·6-1·1 104) mRNA copies/106 copies HPRT; n = 11] than in those who survived [3·1 102 (3·5–4·3 103) mRNA copies/106 copies HPRT; n = 51] (P = 0·950). We sought to determine whether steroid therapy reduces CCL2 plasma levels, and we showed a trend towards decreased CCL2 plasma levels after 7 days of treatment (P = 0·056) (Supplementary

Fig. S1). To further unravel the role of CCL2 in the pathogenesis of ALD, we quantified inflammatory infiltrates of liver biopsy for which we had performed qRT–PCR for CCL2 (n = 74) (Fig. 2). Liver CCL2 mRNA levels in ALD patients were correlated specifically with neutrophil infiltrates (r = 0·411; P < 0·005), Fig. 3a, but neither with T lymphocyte nor with mononuclear cell infiltrates [(r = 0·226;

P = 0·058) and (r = −0·229; P = 0·055), respectively]. Moreover, we showed that liver CCL2 mRNA expression was correlated highly with liver IL-8 mRNA levels (r = 0·895; P < 0·001), Fig. 3b. As expected, IL-8 mRNA levels were correlated with neutrophil infiltration (r = 0·446; P = 0·002), Fig. 3c. To determine whether CCL2 plays a role in neutrophil recruitment, we analysed circulating neutrophils of ALD patients (alcoholic cirrhosis with or without AH) by flow cytometry and we found that these cells Sucrase did not express CCR2, Fig. 4. Because T helper type 17 (Th-17) cells play a role in neutrophil recruitment and express CCR2 [22], we evaluated, by immunohistochemistry, liver expression of IL-17 in patients for whom we had performed quantification of liver CCL2 mRNA. We found that CCL2 liver expression was associated with the number of IL-17+ cells (r = 0·339; P = 0·013). Moreover, Il-17+ cell infiltrates were correlated strongly with neutrophil infiltrates (r = 0·715; P < 0·001) and with IL-8 liver expression (r = 0·346; P = 0·038). CCL2 mRNA liver expression was not correlated with the degree of steatosis (r = 0·057 P = 0·637). We performed −2518 A > G CCL2 genotyping in 235 patients with ALD (109 cirrhosis without AH, 84 cirrhosis with AH, 13 steatofibrosis with AH and 29 steatofibrosis) and in 224 healthy controls.

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